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1、作文篇SentenceLecture One - Sentence Complete Sentences and Sentence Fragments A grammatically complete sentence is one that contains at least a subject and a predicate (or finite) verb; if the verb is transitive, there must be a object; if the verb is a link-verb, there must be a predicative （ 表语） or
2、complement（补语）. For instances: He came. She wrote a letter. The leaves grow yellow in autumn.Correct the following sentences Have done it. Raining. How to use it. I have done it. Its raining. How do you use it? Although not essential, attributive and adverbials help to make the meaning of sentences
3、clear or complete. For instances: He came to the classroom very early. She wrote a long letter to her parents. Dr. Smith is a well-known professor of physics. A complete sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period which is quite different from Chinese. In Chinese writing commas mayb
4、e used to separate complete sentences. The use of a comma in place of a period, a semi-colon, or a dash in English writing is called the comma fault, which Chinese students should avoid. Here are some examples:Faulty: It was raining hard, they could not work in the field. Improved: It was raining ha
5、rd; they could not work in the field. It was raining hard. they could not work in the field. It was raining so hard that they could not work in the field. They could not work in the field because it was raining hard. It was raining hard, so they could not work in the field. As it was raining hard, t
6、hey could not work in the field.Faulty: I was born in a small town, in the town there was only one school, I studied there for six years. I was born in a small town. In the town there was only one school. I studied there for six years. In a small town where I was born, there was only one school, and
7、 I studied there for six years. I was born in a small town, where there was only one school. I studied there for six years. I studied for six years at the only school in the small town where I was born.These sentences are not grammatically wrong; they are faulty simply because of the use of the comm
8、as. And the improved sentences lay stress on different points.Here are some examples with the semicolon, the colon and the dash Faulty: The essay is poorly organized, there is no central idea. Improved: The essay is poorly organized; there is no central idea. The essay is poorly organized: there is
9、no central idea. Faulty: The principal of the school may do something to reduce the pupils homework load, he may, for example, stop assigning homework for Saturday and Sunday. Improved: The principal of the school may do something to reduce the pupils homework load - he may, for example, stop assign
10、ing homework for Saturday and Sunday.Notes In fiction, two short sentences closely connected in meaning are occasionally joined by a comma; in expository writing, however, the general rule is to use a period at the end of a complete sentence, whether it is long or short. It has been said that studen
11、ts should make sentences that are grammatically complete and avoid making sentences without a subject or predicate verb. But sometimes experienced writers use incomplete sentences for special effect.For Example He was, I think, very handsome. I gather this form photographs and from my own memories o
12、f him, dressed in his Sunday best and on his way to preach a sermon somewhere, when I was little. Handsome, proud, and ingrown, “like a toe-nail,” somebody said.- James BaldwinII. Types of sentences Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, and Exclamatory Sentences according to use A declarative sent
13、ence makes an assertion or statement. An interrogative sentence asks a question. An imperative sentence express a command or a request. An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling or emotion, such as surprise, pain, or joy.2. Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex SentencesA simple s
14、entence has only one subject and one predicate-verb, but it may contain more than one object, attribute or adverbial. A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses (or simple sentences) related to each other in meaning, and linked by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, etc.) or b
15、y semicolon without a conjunction. A complex sentence contains one main sentence (or principal) clause and one or more dependent (or subordinate) clause, with connective words denoting the relation between the two parts. The dependent clause may play the part of a subject, a predicative, an attribut
16、ive, or an adverbial in the main clause. A compound-complex sentence contains at least two main clauses and at least one dependent clause a combination of a compound and a complex sentence.For instance To Americans, industriousness, thrift, and ambition are positive values. We encourage our children to be competitive, to get ahead, to make money, to acquire possessions. In games and in business alik
