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1、Writing the paper III:Discussion, Conclusions, Literature citedLaura A. MeyersonZhejiang University, Hangzhou 15/16 December 2008How to get publishedThe purpose of the Discussion: To interpret your results. To answer the question: What do the data mean? To explain the new understanding of the proble
2、m your results have provided. To put your results in the broader context of other existing research.DiscussionZhejiang University, Hangzhou 15/16 December 2008How to get publishedDiscussion The Discussion relates to the Introduction, but it does not simply repeat or rearrange the Introduction. Inste
3、ad, the discussion describes how your study has advanced our knowledge of the problem, from where we were at the end of the Introduction. The Discussion brings a new perspective or new information, based on your results. Additional literature sources may be cited here.Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 1
4、5/16 December 2008How to get published Do your results provide answers to your testable hypotheses? If so, how do you interpret your findings?If not, why not? Do your findings agree with what others have shown? If so, describe.If not, suggest an alternative explanation or an unanticipated design fla
5、w in your experiment (or theirs?).Discussion: Fundamental questions to answer Discussion: Fundamental questions to answer Given your conclusions, what is the new understanding of the problem that you investigated and outlined in the Introduction? If warranted, what would be the next step in your stu
6、dy? i.e. what study would you do next? Do not waste space repeating your results Do not introduce new results in the DiscussionZhejiang University, Hangzhou 15/16 December 2008How to get publishedConclusionsPurpose: The purpose of the Conclusions section is to briefly state your major final points,
7、based on the synthesis of your results and the introduction and discussion. In other words, in this section you are drawing conclusions based on the discussion of the results in the previous sectionThe Conclusion section of your paper is generally the final text of your paper and emphasizes why your
8、 work is important.The conclusion section is usually brief and to the point.Not all papers have distinct Conclusions sections Be sure to check the style of the journal that you are submitting to. Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 15/16 December 2008How to get publishedConclusions: ExampleThe major impli
9、cation of our work is that a species immigration history can have profound consequences for fundamental evolutionary processes regulating its geographic range. First, depletion of genetic diversity at the periphery of a species range is generally thought to slow down its geographic spread; but, larg
10、e scale and repeated introductions may overcome genetic bottlenecks and create genetically diverse peripheral populations that have the potential for continued range expansion. Second, repeated introduction may allow the emergence of genetic novelties that are necessary to exploit new environments b
11、y increasing the probability of recombination between introduced conspecific genotypes (22, 34) or between interfertile introduced species (35). Finally, our results shed light on the relative roles of drift and natural selection after colonization events and suggest that natural selection can be st
12、ronger than drift in recently founded populations, which contrasts with the classic assumption that Fisherian evolution may be negligible during colonization processes (36, 37).Conclusions Dos and Donts Dont simply repeat what you have previously stated, including over-summarizing. Dont over-reach w
13、ith the conclusions. Dont summarize again. Do look at other papers to determine if including implications, or giving suggestions for future research, is appropriate - Journals differ on what they want you to include in the conclusions. Do read the instructions to authors carefully!Zhejiang Universit
14、y, Hangzhou 15/16 December 2008How to get publishedLiterature Cited Check that all citations appear in both the text and the reference section. Have a hard copy of your paper and your Literature Cited section and check them off. Then check again. Check that all citations are correct. Go to hard copi
15、es or .pdf copies of the papers that you are citing to double check. Then check again.Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 15/16 December 2008How to get publishedLiterature cited Dos and DontsDo cite appropriate and relevant work. Do try to be complete without overdoing it (use the most relevant citations)
16、. Do be meticulous with all of your citations (spelling, journal, volume, page #s, etc.).Dont just rely on the most cited papers. Dont cite friends and colleagues just to raise their citation numbers. Dont over-cite yourself (unless it is really appropriate). Never cite a paper that you have not read all the way through! Your paper will lose credibility if yo
