Unit 4 Work and Career I. Listen and Respond 1.Focusing on the Main Ideas1)According to the speaker, a positive attitude is the most important factor in job success because an employee’s work performance is closely related to his or her attitude.2)According to the passage, one should view a new job as an opportunity or a chance to learn new things. He or she should act with interest and enthusiasm.3)According to the speaker, if people hold a negative attitude towards their job, they often complain and have careless work habits. They always blame others for their own problems. Besides, they are critical and indifferent to the needs of other people. 2.Zooming In on the Details1) enthusiasm2) demonstrate3) cooperative4) superiors5) responsibility6) expressing7) constructive8) guard9) complain10) indifferentII. Text A ---Task One: Discovering the Main Ideas 1. 1)According to the author, a man is a laborer if he is not interested in what he does but is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family. A man is a worker if he is truly interested in the job he does; what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play. 2)According to the author, to a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much. To a laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better. 3)According to the author, technology and the division of labor have done two things. Firstly, they have made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor. Secondly, they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours. 4)According to the author, workers seldom commit acts of violence because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. In other words, being so engaged in their job, workers probably do not bother to commit acts of violence after work. 5)The author tends to take a positive attitude towards workers and a negative attitude towards laborers. According to the author, whether one is a worker or a laborer depends not on the job itself but on whether he enjoys what he is doing or not. The author believes that workers are happier because they are not compelled to do what they do not enjoy. Workers need leisure time only to relax in order to work more efficiently, while laborers want as much leisure time as possible so that they could play.III. Text A---Task Two: Reading Between the Lines 1. Just like slaves in the past, laborers are compelled to do jobs that they don’t really enjoy. As a result, the only difference between a laborer and a slave is that one is paid while the other is not. 2. According to the author, whether one is a worker or a laborer does not depend on the kind of job he or she does but on whether he or she really enjoys doing the job. Therefore, a gardener or a cobbler may be a worker if he is interested in his job, while a bank clerk is a laborer if he is bored with his job. 3. In the past, aristocracies spent their leisure time indulging in hunting, gambling, dueling, and warfare, and they ritualized their leisure activities. If today’s laborers who have almost as much leisure time as those aristocracies, should kill their time by indulging in dangerous and meaningless activities, it would have a great negative impact on society. With such a prospect in mind, one cannot but feel worried. 4. Unlike aristocracies, laborers cannot afford activities like gambling, dueling, and warfare, yet they may easily find similar amusements available in the modern society by spending their excessive leisure time in driving dangerously, taking drugs, or committing senseless acts of violence. 2. PartParagraph(s)Main IdeaOne1-3The author explains his understanding of work, labor, and play. Whether one is a laborer or a worker has little to do with whether he or she is doing a physical or a mental job but with the attitude he or she takes towards the job he or she does.Two4In the author’s eye, the majority of people in a modern technological society are laborers rather than workers.Three5The author stresses the two negative aspects of technology and the division of labor, that is, by eliminating the need for special skill, they turned enjoyable work into boring labor and by increasing productivity they give people excessive leisure time.IV. Text B---Checking Your Vocabulary 1. 2) a 3) f 4) b 5) c 6) g 7) d 2. 1) (ad.) in a way that shows an average or usual example of sb. or sth. (ad.) in a way that shows all the characteristics expected from a person, thing or group 2) (a.) existing as a concept rathe。