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1、英语构词法英语构词法主要有三种：转化、合成与派生。英语构词法种类另外还有截短、缩合等。1. 转化 : 是指有一种词类转化为另一种词类。water n. 水 - water vt. 浇水常见的转化形式两种：动词 - 名词名词 - 动词动词-名词stop vt. 停止 - n.车站 love vt. 爱 - n. 爱 Watch vt. 观看 - n. 手表 record vt. 录音 - n. 纪录 comb vt. 梳理(头发) - n. 梳子 abuse vt. 辱骂 - n. 辱骂名词 - 动词 hand n. 手 - vt. 上交seat n. 座位 - vt. 坐nurse n. 护士
2、 - vt. 护理oil n. 油 - vt. 上油time n. 时间 - vt. 定时，测时shoulder n. 肩膀 - vt. 肩负mine n. 矿山 - vt. 开矿barbecue n. 烧烤-vt. 在烤架上烤ship n. 船 - vt. 用船装运 finance n. 金融- vt. 为提供资金stain n. 污点,污迹 - vt. 玷污，污染draft n. 草稿 - vt. 起草head n. 头 - v. 前进transport n. 运输 - vt. 运输副词 - 动词down adv. 向下 - v. 放下副词 - 名词 nowhere adv. 任何地方都不
3、 - n. 无处，无名的地方形容词 - 名词freezing adj. 冰冻的 - n. 冰点solid adj. 固体的,坚实的- n. 固体数词 - 动词second num. 第二 - v. 赞成 - n. 秒2. 合成 : 有两个或更多的词合成一个词。class 班级 + room 房间 = classroom 教室warm + heart + ed = warmhearted 热心肠的good + looking = good-looking 相貌好看的hard + working = hard-working 勤劳的peace-lovingstate-ownedwell-known
4、ready-madessightseeingbloodthirsty 3. 派生 : 是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀后缀 构成一个新词。happy - unhappydevelop - development前缀一般只引起意思上的变化而不 造成词类的变化，只有少数能引起 词类的变化。mis- 错误的 + understand v. 理解- misunderstand v. 误解en + large adj. 大的 - enlarge v. 扩大后缀一般只引起词性上的变化而不 造成意思的变化。care v. 照料 - careful adj. 细心的 work v. 工作 - worker n.
5、工人常见的前缀(A)表示否定的前缀：un-unfair,unhappy, unfit, unsuccessful unemployment, unload摆脱负担, uncover,unlikenon-nonsmoker, non-stop , nonsense谬论(常用在n. adj. adv. 前)in-inactive, inhuman, indirect , invisible (常用在adj.后)dis-disagree, disappear, discount ,discuss disturb, dishonest, dislikeim-impolite ,impossible,
6、immoral. (用在b,p,m 开头的词前)il-illegalir-, irregular(不道德的)(B).表示错误错误或失当的前缀缀:mis-misjudge, misdirect(误导误导), mistake misfortune. (C).表示向背的前缀缀:pro-(亲，支持)pro-Chinese, pro-Americananti-（阻止，抗）antiwar, anti-Japanese war(D).表示程度、大小的前缀 super-“超级,超出 superstar,supermarket, superman, superpower over-“过度” overhead,
7、overeat, overuse, over- sleep, over-eat , overdo mini-minibus, miniskirt, mini-car under-underground, under-develop semi-(半，部分)semicircle, semiskilled, semi-steel(E).表示时间的前缀pre-prewarpost-postwarfore-(前，预先)foretell, forecast, foresee, weather forecast(F).表示方位,空间的前缀：sub- subway, submarineinter- inter
8、national, intercity, interclass, interacttrans- translate, transport, transatlantic ,(横过，通过，超越，进入)ex-, ec-, es-, exit, eclipse, expand, export in-, il-, im-, ir-, inland, invade, inside, import out-, outline, outside, outward 表示“在上面，在外” over-, overlook, overhead, overboard表示“在上面，在外部，向上”表示“外部，外”表示“向内
9、，在内，背于”re- repeat, recycle “重复” co- cooperate “共同, 平等” vice- vice-president “副手” tele- telephone, television “远程的” kilo- kilometer kilogram “ 千” em- en- engage, ensure “使 ， 使成为“ de- deliver, decline , delay, decrease“ 的反意， 去掉， 降低” cross- cross- cultural, cross-roads “ 跨越” centi- centimeter, centigra
10、de “百, 百分之一” con- , com- confirm, concentrate, compound, “ 联合” bio- biochemistry, biology, biological, “生物的” anti- antinuclear, anti-Japanese war, antiforeign,(排外的) “反对” 常见的后缀1.动词变名词： -ationsatisfaction, education, realization -mentdevelopment, movement, disappointment-al arrival, refusal -ee traine
11、e, employee-er teacher, worker-or visitor, sailor,inventor, conductor- ess waitress , actress , hostess, lioness. -ese Chinese, Japanese -ist socialist , communist scientist -ian musician, politician technician “行为, 结果”“女性, 雌性” 2.形容词变名词-nesshappiness, meanness, carelessness -ityability, possibility
12、-ismMarxism, criticism, socialism, communism , materialism , racism3.名词变形容词： -ywindy, rainy, sandy -ishfoolish, feverish -somehandsome, troublesome -ousdangerous, humorous -fulhelpful, careful, peaceful“充满” “ 属于, 稍微” 3.名词变形容词：al national , chemical, political an African , American, Italian able reas
13、onable , suitable, terrible,visible ern southern, western, northern “的”“ 方向” “ 能够”“地, 人” 3. 名词、形容词变动词：-ifybeautify, simplify-izerealize, moderize, organize-enquicken, widen, sharpen,strenghen, deepen, loosen 但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅改变词义： dom- : Kingdom, freedom,hood: boyhood childhood Ship- Friendship, leader
14、ship, hardshipFul-: Spoonful, mouthful (满口,一口), handful(一把)“职位、状态” “集体,领域”“身份，资格”情态状态性质身份职业技巧技能”构成名词4. 截短 : 是指用截头取尾的方法构成新 词。telephone - phoneinfluenza - flu. 流行性感冒5. 缩合 : 是指把两个或两个以上的词各取 一部分合在一起构成一个新单词。smoke and fog - smog 烟雾Test of English as a foreign language TOEFL 托福International English language test system - IELTS 雅思
