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1、Creative Problem Solving唐宁玉 上海交通大学管理学院 2002、8Agenda今天的安排nBrief self introduction自我介绍nAbout the course课程简介nCreative thinking创造性思考nCreativity创造性nCreative thinking: concepts, schemes and frames 创造性思考的概念,图式和框架nVisualization and memory视觉化和记忆nMindmapping脑图nFour-Quadrant brain models 四分脑模型How do you think
2、about?n想象力要比知识来得重要n想象力使人类成为万物之灵n想象力统治着整个世界n把冰卖给爱斯基摩人?Introduction:Part 1 第一部分nBrief introduction of the booknVisualization and memorynThe 4-quadrant brain modelnOvercoming mental barriers to creative thinkingIntroduction: Part 2第二部分nProblem definitionnIdea generation, brainstorming,and teamworknCrea
3、tive evaluation, judgment, and critical thinkingnSolution implementationPart 3: Application第三部分nComputers and creative thinkingnThe Pugh ModelnCommunications and creative problem solvingnCulture, technology, inventions and patents This coursenParticipation and involvement参与n Discussions讨论nExercises练
4、习Evaluation 课程评价nClass participation(30%): Attendance and involvementnAssignment: (20%)nFinal report : (20%)Reference Bookn哈佛管理丛书:如何开发你的创造力?n王滨:超越逻辑:创造性解决问题,上 海科学普及出版社,2000nJames M Utterback:把握创新,清华大学 出版社,1999n戈登等:学习的革命,三联出版社, 1999Part 1第一部分Creative thinking 创造性思考Why creative problem solving? 为什么?nR
5、apidly changing worldnCope , adapt and succeednUse the whole brainnBenefits: nIndividual nCompany nSocietyExercise 1练习1nP.6-7: Skills comparison技能比较nThink about your own job: what are the subjects most needed for careers in HRM?ASTD survey results 调查结果nKnowing how to learnnCommunicationnAdaptability
6、nPersonal managementnGroup effectiveness ASTD survey resultsnThe specific skills receiving the most attention in Fortune 500 ;nProblem solvingnTeamworknInterpersonal SkillsnOral communicationnListeningnWritingnGoal settingDifferent Schemes for solving problemsnScientific methodnCreative thinkingnPol
7、yas methodnAnalytical thinkingn8-D methodnCreative problem solvingExercise 2nHow to make it the largest?Some concepts and theoriesnCreativitynCreative thinkingnBrain and memoryCreativitynIs playing with imagination and possibilities, leading to new and meaningful connections and outcomes while inter
8、acting with ideas, people and the environment.nInvolves both generating an idea and manifesting itmaking something happen as a result.Creativityn心智能力n观察与注意n记忆与回忆n分析与判断n产生新构想,预知和想象不存在的事物n超越既有知识,未必遵循常规的思考方式, 一般成为创造。在思考中,体现为扩散性思 考。You would be demonstrating creativity if you: nInvent something which ha
9、s never existed before nInvent something which exists elsewhere but you are not aware of nInvent a new process for doing something nReapply an existing process or product into a new or different market nDevelop a new way of looking at something (bringing a new idea into existence) nChange the way so
10、meone else looks at something Have a look at the picture below. It shows a person holding a block of wood. Now, what will happen to the piece of wood when the person lets go of it?概念n创造意识n指具有为人类的文明与进步作出贡献的崇高理想,有为创造发明而 献身的远大抱负,和在本职岗位上为社会创造出有价值的全新物质 产品或精神产品的强烈愿望 n创造能力n把上述思想、愿望变成可操作的步骤并使之转化为有价值的、前所 未有产
11、品的能力 n创造性思维n人脑对客观事物本质和事物之间内在联系规律所作出的概括、间接 与能动的反映n开创意义的思维活动,即开拓人类认识新领域,开创人类认识新成 果的思维活动,它往往表现为发明新技术、 形成新观念,提出新方 案和决策,创建新理论创造性思维研究的发展脉络n沃拉斯的“四阶段模型”n韦索默的“结构说”n吉尔福特的“发散性思维”n斯滕伯格的“智力观”n若宾的最高级思维模型n刘奎林的“潜意识推论”四阶段模型n准备阶段n孕育阶段n明朗阶段n验证阶段吉尔福特的智力观视觉 听觉 符号 语意 行为思考 内容单位 类别 关系 系统 转换 应用思考结果评价 聚敛思考 发散思考 记忆 认知思考 运作发散思
12、维n流畅性(fluency):在短时间内能连续 地表达出的观念和设想的数量;n灵活性(flexibility):能从不同角度、 不同方向灵活地思考问题;n独创性(originality):具有与众不同的 想法和独出心裁的解决问题思路;n精致性(elaboration):能想象与描述 事物或事件的具体细节。创造力三维模型理论n第一维:智力维n第二维:方式维n第三维:人格维创造性思维的分类n随意创造思维n事先没有很明确的创造目标,也没有拟订关于创造过程的详细计划 、步骤,思维过程比较随意;所产生的思维成果是与众不同的,因 而有新颖性;这种思维成果对于人类的文明与进步不一定有直接的 关系与影响,也不
13、一定能转化为有价值的精神产品或物质产品,但 是对思维主体自身可能具有一定的积极意义与价值(作为资料保存 或对其今后工作有帮助)n非随意创造思维n一般创造思维n高级创造思维创造性思维结构n一个指针(发散思维)用于解决思维的方 向性;n两条策略(辨证思维、横纵思维)提供宏 观的哲学指导和微观的心理加工策略;n三种思维(形象思维、直觉思维、时间逻辑思 维)用于构成创造性思维过程的主体思维的生理基础:脑及其机能n脑简介n脑的机能脑简介n人类的脑,由120亿以上的细胞构成脑脑干小脑前脑维持个体生命:心跳、呼吸、消化、 睡眠、体温等控制肌肉的运动,调节姿势与 身体的平衡最高层部分,最复杂、 最重要的神经中
14、枢大脑半球的机能n运动区n体觉区n视觉区n听觉区n联合区大脑两半球的分合功能n对称分布n彼此配合,发生交互作用n联合区:分别发挥左右半球相关各区的 联合功能n胼胝体的功用大脑两半球的分合功能n语言区n两半球分割后的影响Memory and BrainnThe memory capacity of human being is far more than c powerful computernYet it has not been fully utilized Mental languagesnVerbalnMathematicalnSensorynVisualMemory?nFirst th
15、ings firstnPractice new techniquesnTime repetitionsnPay attentionnObserve carefullynSupport brainnUse memory aidsnExecute action tasksVisualizationnThinking in imagesnExercise: P35Visualization:A way to improve memorynAssociationnWord substitutionnThe link or story chainnThe phonetic alphabetnMemory
16、 pegsnExercise: page 48Exercise:如何记住它们?1)餐巾纸2) 西红柿3) 一条面包4) 苹果5) 汉堡包胚6) 一盒玉米片7) 生菜8) 冰淇淋9) 猫粮10) 意大利面条 SketchingnAn aid to thinkingnHelp developing visual ideas worth communicating. What to be sketched?nObjectsnMental images and conceptsnFlow chartsMindmapnMindmapping combines aspects of brainstorming, sketching and diagraming in the process of thinking through a subject. nFounder: Tony BuzanMindmappingnWhy and nHow?Procedure for sketching a mindmapn选择一个能够表达你的主要概念的主题词,并 把它写在纸的中间。比如大脑。n思考