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1、人的行为人的行为_ _第四篇第四篇_ _市场社会的交换学或市场社会的交换学或 经济学经济学2010-06-162010-06-16 09:18:5609:18:56 来自来自: : 无端无端( (我将开口，同时感到空虚。我将开口，同时感到空虚。) ) XIV. THE SCOPE AND METHOD OF CATALLACTICS 第 14 章 交换学的范围和方法 1. The Delimitation of Catallactic Problems 一、交换学的问题之界定 There have never been any doubts and uncertainties about th
2、e scope of economic science. Ever since people have been eager for a systematic study of economics or political economy, all have agreed that it is the task of this branch of knowledge to investigate the market phenomena, that is, the determination of the mutual exchange ratios of the goods and serv
3、ices negotiated on markets, their origin in human action and their effects upon later action. The intricacy of a precise definition of the scope of economics does not stem from uncertainty with regard to the orbit of the phenomena to be investigated. It is due to the fact that the attempts to elucid
4、ate the phenomena concerned must go beyond the range of the market and of market transactions. In order to conceive the market fully one is forced to study the action of hypothetical isolated individuals on one hand and to contrast the market system with an imaginary socialist commonwealth on the ot
5、her hand. In studying interpersonal exchange one cannot avoid dealing with autistic exchange. But then it is no longer possible to define neatly the boundaries between the kind of action which is the proper field of economic science in the narrower sense, and other action. Economics widens its horiz
6、on and turns into a general science of all and every human action, into praxeology. The question emerges of how to distinguish precisely, within the broader field of general praxeology, a narrower orbit of specifically economic problems. 关于经济学的范围，从来没有任何疑问和不确定之点。自从人们渴望有一系统 完整的经济学或政治经济学以来，大家都同意：这是研究市场
7、现象这个知识部 门的工作，也即，测定在市场上商讨的财货与劳务的相互交换率、交换率在人 的行为中的根源，以及它们对后继行为的影响。经济学范围的一个精确定义之 复杂性， 不是发生于所要研究的现象轨道之不确定。而是由于：说明有关现象 的那些尝试，必然越出市场和市场交易的范围。为要充份了解市场，我们不得 不同时作两方面的 工作，一方面硏究假设的孤立状态的个人行为，一方面把市场制度与一假想的社会主义国相比较。在研究人际交换的时候，我们不免要涉 及变态心理下的交换。这 时，我们就不可能在两类行为之间划出一条明确的界 线，把那属于经济科学范围的行为与其它的行为分开。经济学在扩展它的视域， 而成为处理人的一切
8、行为的一门 科学，成为行为学。现在的问题是：在一般行 为学这个较广泛的范围以内，我们如何正确地显出较狭窄的经济行为的特征。 The abortive attempts to solve this problem of a precise delimitation of the scope of catallactics have chosen as a criterion either the motives causing action or the goals which action aims at. But the variety and manifoldness of the mot
9、ives instigating a mans action are without relevance for a comprehensive study of acting. Every action is motivated by the urge to remove a felt uneasiness. It does not matter for the science of action how people qualify this uneasiness from a physiological, psychological, or ethical point of view.
10、It is the task of economics to deal with all commodity prices as they are really asked and paid in market transactions. It must not restrict its investigations p. 233 to the study of those prices which result or are likely to result from a conduct displaying attitudes to which psychology, ethics, or
11、 any other way of looking at human behavior would attach a definite label. The classification of actions according to their various motives may be momentous for psychology and may provide a yardstick for a moral evaluation; for economics it is inconsequential. Essentially the same is valid with rega
12、rd to the endeavors to restrict the scope of economics to those actions which aim at supplying people with tangible material things of the external universe. Strictly speaking, people do not long for tangible goods as such, but for the services which these goods are fitted to render them. They want
13、to attain the increment in well- being which these services are able to convey. But if this is so, it is not permissible to except from the orbit of “economic“ action those actions which remove uneasiness directly without the interposition of any tangible and visible things. The advice of a doctor,
14、the instruction of a teacher, the recital of an artist, and other personal services are no less an object of economic studies than the architects plans for the construction of a building, the scientists formula for the production of a chemical compound, and the authors contribution to the publishing
15、 of a book. 解决这个问题的一些无效的企图，有的是把促起行为的那些动机作为判别的标 准，有的是把行为所想达成的那些目的当作标准。但是，促起行为的那些动机 的差异性和多样性，对于行为的综合研究是不相干的。每一行为都是由于想消 除不适之感而发动的。至于怎样才是不适之感，是从生理学、心理学，还 是从伦理 的观点来说的呢？这个问题对于行为科学没有关系。经济学的任务， 是处理市场交易中实际上叫出的和照付的所有的货物价格。它不可把它的硏究限之于某些价格。 依照行为的动机来把行为分类，在心理学上也许是重要的， 在道德的评値上也许可提供一个准绳；但在经济学方面那就没有一致的理论。 从根本上讲，凡是想
16、把经济 学的范围限之于研究目的在供给有形财货的行为 的企图，也同样是理论的不一致。严格地说，人们并不希求有形财货的本身， 而是希求这些财货所能提供的服 务。他们所要的是，这些服务所能带来的福利 之增加。但是，如果是如此，我们就不可以把那些不藉助于有形的财货而可直 接消除不适之感的行为，排之于经济 的行为以外。一位医生的嘱咐、一位 敎师的训话、一位艺术家的演奏，以及其它人身的服务之为经济研究的对象， 不异于建筑师设计的蓝图、科学家发明的方程 式、著作家的出版物。 The subject matter of catallactics is all market phenomena with all their roots, ramifications, and consequences. It is a fact that people in dealing on the market are motivated not only by the
