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1、The Development and Component of a Tooth吴堪葵 广州医学院第二附属医院Unit 4Development of a toothA tooth and its surroundingsComponents of a toothThe Development and Component of a ToothComponent of a ToothDentineEnamelCementumPulpMineralized Tissue96%97% inorganic material 无机物 （chiefly hydroxyapatite 羟基磷灰石）1% or
2、ganic material 有机物 釉原蛋白、非釉原蛋白、蛋白酶和脂类 引导釉质晶体生长、粘结晶体和釉质作用Enamel （The hardest and most highly calcified biological tissue known）EnamelEctodermal origin 来源于外胚层3%4% water 结合水和游离水Enamell Millions of rods/prisms 釉柱 l Enamel rods From enamel-dentinal junction 釉牙本质界 To tooth surface 向窝沟底部集中，呈放射状在牙颈部排列成水平状Ena
3、mel rodsl Composed of apatite crystals 磷灰石晶体 l Mainly hydroxyapatite 羟基磷灰石 l Rod sheath 釉柱鞘 l Controversial 有争议的 Higher content of organic material 有机物 Different crystal orientation 晶体排列方向球拍样70% inorganic material 磷灰石晶体、微量元素18% organic material I型胶原蛋白、非胶原蛋白Dentine（ The 2nd most highly mineralized ti
4、ssue ）Dentine12% waterDentinal tubules l From pulp l To enamel-dentinal junction 釉牙本质界 l Wide in the pulp side Narrow in the enamel sideInorganic material 65%Organic material（collagen 胶原 18% CementumCementumWater 12%l Similar to bonel difference No vascularity(血管 ) Contain cementocytes （成牙骨质细胞）PulpC
5、onnective tissue 结缔组织Nerves 神经Blood vessels 血管 Lymph vessels 淋巴管Lined by odontoblasts 成牙本质细胞Odontoblast 成牙本质细胞l 位于牙髓周围，呈柱状紧接前期牙本质排列成一层 l 主要功能：形成牙本质小结Each tooth has four main parts, including the following: enamel - the outer layer of the tooth. dentin - the inner layer and the main part of the tooth
6、. cementum- only found on the underside of the tooth. pulp - part of the inside of the tooth that contains the nerve and other delicate tissue. A tooth and its surroundingsPeriodontium 牙周组织Maintain a tooth in its functional position 支持牙的功能Gingiva 牙龈Periodontal ligament 牙周膜Alveolar bone 牙槽骨Gingiva 牙龈
7、l Mucosa which surrounds the teeth u Free gingiva 游离龈 u Attached gingiva 附着龈 u Interdental papilla 龈乳头 l 牙龈上皮gingival epithelium 龈沟上皮salcular epithelium 结合上皮junctional epithelium 龈谷上皮 l 固有层: 胶原纤维 l 神经、血管Free gingiva 游离龈 Terminal edge of gingiva 牙龈边缘 Surrounds the tooth in collar fashion Forms the so
8、ft tissue wall of the gingival sulcus 龈沟（0.5-3mm 平均1.8mm)Attached gingiva 附着龈 Continuous with the free gingiva By a shallow linear depression, the free gingiva groove 游离龈沟 Tightly bound (紧密附着)to the underlying periosteum of alveolar bone(牙槽骨骨膜)l Surface stippling 点彩: increase abrasive resistance 增强对
9、机械摩擦的抵抗Interdental gingival Occupies the interproximal space beneath area of teeth contact 牙间隙 l Pyramidal (锥) or col (谷)shapePeriodontal ligament 牙周韧带l Also called periodontal membrane牙周膜 l Locates between alveolar bone and the root l Supportive 支持功能 主要纤维一端埋入牙骨质，一端埋入牙槽骨 将牙固定在牙槽窝中 l 组成：纤维、基质、细胞、血管Pe
10、riodontal ligament 牙周韧带l 主纤维： 牙槽嵴组 alveolar crest group 起于牙槽嵴顶，止于釉牙骨质界下方的牙骨质 将牙向牙槽窝内牵引，对抗侧方力，保持牙直立l 水平组 horizontal group 维持牙直立的主要力量 与牙槽嵴纤维共同对抗侧方力，防止牙侧方移动l 斜行组 oblique group 牙周膜中数量最多、力量最强的一组纤维 向根方倾斜约45度 这种结构可均匀分散咀嚼压力到牙槽骨上 限制牙的转动l 根尖组 apical group固定牙根尖，保护进出根尖孔的血管和神经 l 根间组 interradicular group 只存在于多根牙
11、防止牙根向冠方移动Periodontal ligament 牙周韧带功能l Sensory 感觉动能 丰富的神经和末梢感受器 对疼痛和压力、轻叩和震动有敏锐的感觉 通过神经系统的传导和反射 调节和缓冲咀嚼力l Nutrition 营养作用营养牙周膜本身，也营养牙骨质和牙槽骨 l Homeostatic 形成功能 不断更新改建牙周膜 保证牙和牙周膜的正常附着联系Alveolar bonel Also called alveolar process 牙槽突 l Alveolar bone proper 固有牙槽骨 l Dense bone 密质骨 l Cancellous bone 松质骨Alve
12、olar bone proper 固有牙槽骨l Contains many small perforations 多孔 through which blood vessels and nerves reach the periodontal space 血管和神经进入牙周膜 l Known as cribriform plate 筛状板密质骨l 牙槽骨的外表部分，即颌骨内、外骨板的延伸部分 l 厚度不一 上颌牙槽骨唇面密质骨很薄，舌侧厚 下颌牙槽骨密质骨比上颌厚松质骨l 位于密质骨和固有牙槽骨之间 l 由骨小梁trabecular和骨髓marrow组成 l 骨小梁的粗细、数量和排列方向与所承担
13、的咀嚼力相关承受较大咀嚼力的区域，骨小梁粗大致密无功能的牙或承担咀嚼力小的牙，骨小梁细小牙槽骨的生物学特性l 高度可塑性人体骨骼最活跃的部分受压力被吸收，受牵引力增生 l 正畸治疗 Orthodontic treatment l 牵张成骨Distraction Osteogenesis 小结A tooth and its surroundingsGingiva 牙龈Mucosa which surrounds the teethFree gingivaAttached gingivaInterdental papillaPeriodontal ligamentAlveolar bonealve
14、olar crest group horizontal group oblique groupapical groupinterradicular groupAlveolar bone proper Dense bone Cancellous boneDevelopment of toothProcess Beginning Finish Eruption Replacement 胚胎第7周 20 岁l Growth stage: （牙胚的形成和发育） l Calcification: （牙体硬组织的形成） l Eruption stage: （牙的萌出）牙发育过程lGrowth stage:
15、 （牙胚的形成和发育） lCalcification: （牙体硬组织的形成）lEruption stage: （牙的萌出）l Complex cellular and biochemical process复杂的细胞作用和生物化学作用过程Growth stage:（牙胚的形成和发育）l The epithelium(上皮) thickens in a U-shape band in the area of the future alveolar processes(牙槽突）l Form primary epithelium band(原发性上皮带)l Differentiate into Vestibular lamina(前庭板) and Dental lamina(牙板)thicken l Dental lamina(牙板) 牙胚l During the 7th week of intra-uterine lifeEpithelium(上皮) thickens in a U-shaped bandPrimary epithelial band 原发性上皮带primary epithelial band （原发性上皮带）（前庭板）vestibular lamina a
