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1、第3讲 词的翻译1. 英汉词义的比较2.词的概念意义和内涵意义3. 语境与词义的选择4. 词类的转换 1.英汉词义的对比词汇是最基本的语言材料,词汇越丰富,对世 界的认识也就越精细。英语和汉语都有丰 富的词汇量。在英汉语言对比研究中,人们 发现了大量的对应词语,这是英汉翻译的语 言基础。但是由于自然环境、思维方式、 社会历史、文化传统的不同,英汉两种语言 中存在许多不相对应的词语,这就给翻译增 加了难度。Q: In E-C translation or C-E translation, can we always find a counter part (equivalent) for a w
2、ord in the receptor language? How are the word systems of English and Chinese related? What relations can you identify? Eg : 市场经济 龙 to wear A. 一一对应关系市场经济 market economy intellectual property rights 知识产权 trading partners 贸易伙伴mainboard 主板digital camera 数码相机stealth fighter 隐形战斗机假一一对应关系有时假对应词源于译者未掌握英语的习
3、惯用法 ，如： sour milk 变质发酸了的牛奶 (不是：酸奶 yoghurt) eat ones words 承认自己说错话 （不是：食言 go back on ones words）盐水 salt solution (不是：salt water)方便面 instant noodles(不是：convenient noodles)休息室 lounge（不是：rest room （卫生间）有时假对应词来自不恰当的搭配，如：战火扩大 The war expands. 改译：The(flame of )war spread. 强硬政策 strong policies改译：tough polic
4、ies恶性循环 malignant circle 改译：vicious circle 有一本字典就能做翻译的观点 ？B. 一对多关系一词多义是语言最重要的特征之一，英 语如此，汉语亦然。另外，上下文以及 搭配都可能使词义产生一对多的对应关 系。请看wear在下列句子中的不同翻译 ：She wore dark glasses and a thick jersey. In my favorite photo we are on the steps of our new home, wearing red baseball hats and toothy smiles. The girl wears
5、 the slimness of her mother. I will wear his love in my hearts core forever. 在我最喜欢的照片里，我们站在新房子的门阶 上，大家都戴着红色棒球帽，开心地大笑着。她戴着深色的墨镜，穿着一件厚毛衣。这个女孩像她母亲一样苗条。我将永远把他的爱深藏心底。“水平”在英语中最直接的对应词是level。但是这个 词意义抽象化了，多用于上位词，在具体的翻译中 ，要根据具体的搭配具体化生活水平生产水平技术水平艺术水平living standard,production capacity,technical skills,artistic
6、 attainmentC. 零对应一个社会，一种文化中所特有的表示事 物、风俗或理念等的词汇在另一种语言 里没有真正对应的词汇，这种现象在翻 译中是很常见的。Eskimo(snow) , Arabs(camels), Chinese (kinship terms)Eskimo languages have many different words to refer to snow. Were you to translate on a word-for word basis, you would translate all those different words into the one
7、English word “snow”. Compared with Chinese, English has fewer kinship terms. This difference is not just linguistic; it is fundamentally cultural.The fact that a language may have a proportionately high number of words in particular domains is an important index to the focus of a culture. 像中国的农历节气、天
8、干地支、阴阳八卦、道 教、中医、武术等,在译语中都很难找到对等 的词语。中国人对“六”、“八”、“九”情有独钟,认为这些 数字会使人“顺利、发财、长久”。汉语中许多围绕吃饭问题所建立的词语和表达 法,在英语中也很难找到字面对应的表达法。 比如,“吃香儿”,“吃得开”,“吃大锅饭”,“吃闲饭”,“吃 不消”等等。humor幽默、romantic浪漫、logic逻辑、 engine引擎、motor马达、sofa沙发、 Pandoras box潘多拉盒子。林黛玉的母亲是贾宝玉的姑母，贾宝玉的母亲是林黛玉的 舅母，又是薛宝钗的姨母。红楼梦具体例子：“饺子”曾翻译成“dumpling”, 但是两种食物其
9、实 并不一样，所以采取音译“jiaozi”; “馒头”也从“steamed buns” 变成 “mantou”“豆腐”也从“bean curd” 变成“toufu” “太极”也从“shadow boxing” 变为” taiqi” 中国的 “龙” 虽然被翻译成 “dragon”，但是两者 严格说来是不对应的。例如to sow dragons teeth 这条成语的意思是 “播下不和的种子”。 建 议直接用引译：龙（ Long）福娃 （Fu Wa）2. 词的七种意义According to G. Leech概念意义(conceptual meaning) 内涵意义 (connotative me
10、aning) : Connotative meaning: refers to the implied meaning that is over and above its pure conceptual meaningConnotative meaning 包括搭配意义、风格意义、文化意 义、情感意义、联想意义等等。EG: Dog: different affective meaningRed: different cultural meaningCultural meaning Cultural meaning: meaning derived from different culture
11、 and traditions. Eg: RedIn English: violence, bloodshed, danger In Chinese: jubilation, happiness, abundance, propitiousness(吉利） David Hawkes treatment of color terminology, particularly the red problem, in Hong Lou Meng (The Story of the Stone), has given rise to a lot of arguments (his son in law)
12、. red as a symbol sometimes of spring, sometimes of youth, sometimes of good fortune or prosperity recurs again and again throughout it. Unfortunatelyapart from the rosy cheeks and vermeil lip of youthredness has no such connotations in English and I have found that the Chinese reds have tended to t
13、urn into English golds or greens (“spring, the green spring” and “golden boys and girls” and so on). I am aware that there is some sort of loss here, but have lacked the ingenuity to avert it. (David Hawkes, Introduction to The Story of the Stone)Original Translations by HawkesTranslations by Yangs红
14、楼梦The Story of the StoneA Dream of Red Mansions悼红轩Nostalgia StudioMourning the Red Studio怡红院The House of Green DelightsHappy Red Court怡红公子Green BoyThe Happy Red Prince红袖楼头夜倚栏 A lady leans out from her casement high In red sleeves she leans over balustrade at night避免词汇错误的的一个重要方法就是掌握其引申义。 语言中引申义往往是文化、
15、传统的产物。有些词在不 同的文化背景中,其褒贬义却有不同。宣传橱窗 宣传：disseminate, propagandize, publicize, promote 原译：propaganda window改译：publicity boardindividualism褒义 “个人主义”或“利己主义”贬义的。Aggression中性词( eg: aggressive student)“侵略”、“入侵”是带有强烈感情色彩的贬义词。Company LogoAffective MeaningAffective meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the writer towards the reader.There are basically three types of affective meanings: positive(commendatory), neutral and negative (derogatory).PositiveNeutral Derogatoryportlyoverweightobeseslender, slimunderweightskinnysenior, elderold man/woman fossil www.1p
