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1、Piezoelectricity: A brief of historyPiezoelectric TransformersPiezoelectric Transformers PiezoelectricityPiezoelectricity derives from the Greek word “piezein” = to press. First First human human contactcontact: “Stone Age”: use of flint”, a variety of quartz, to produce fire by creating a mechanica
2、l impact or friction. Before the invention of matches this material continued being used as a lighter knocking it against iron. 1880-81,1880-81, Pierre and Jacques Curie discovered the direct (1880) and the inverse effects (1881) in quartz crystals. 19171917,during WW I, Paul Langevin developed a qu
3、artz-based transducer to generate and detect acoustic waves in water. SONAR and ULTRASONICSSONAR and ULTRASONICS PiezoPiezo-oscillator -oscillator (frequency (frequency control control by by quartz quartz crystals):crystals): A.M. Nicholson (Bell Telephone Laboratories) and Prof. W.G. Cady (Wesleyan
4、 University). 1923 the Bell Telephone Laboratories established a “Quartz laboratory”, and General Electric Company did likewise the following year. 19391939 The US Armed Services made the decision to make large scale use of “crystal control” in military communication systems. During the WW II the US
5、 alone used about 50million quartz crystal elements. Quartz: Frequency control and highly selective electric wave filtersQUARTZPiezoelectric TransformersPiezoelectric Transformers 1946:1946: Piezoelectric effect is found in Barium Titanate. However BaTiO3 is ferroelectric and piezoelectric below 120
6、O. PbNbPbNb2 2OO6 6and and PbPb(Ti,(Ti,ZrZr)O)O3 3: : Discovered in Japan early in the 1950s. These materials are usable at least to 250o. 1954 1954 Bernard Bernard JaffeJaffe reported the properties of the PZT solid solution and Vernitron Corp. got the (Clevite Company Morgan Matroc Inc.) In In USA
7、USA, the Piezo-industry was dominated by industrial groups with strong patents = secrecy policy In In JapanJapan, several companies and universities formed a competitively cooperative association established as the Barium Titanate Application Research Committee, in 1951. Beginning Beginning in in 19
8、651965 Japanese commercial enterprises began to reap the benefits of steady application and materials development work. 1980-Present1980-Present: The commercial success of the Japanese efforts has attracted the world-wide interest for this technology and spurred a new effort to develop successful pi
9、ezoceramic products.Piezoelectricity: A brief historyCERAMICSLow VoltageMechanical Vibration (Resonance)High VoltageInverse EffectDirect EffectHow do they operate?. Resonance010203040506070Input Impedance open circuit conditionsImpedance Ohms1st longitudinal mode (fundamental)3rd longitudinal mode10
10、0200300400500600 Frequency kHz-100-80-60-40-200204060Phase DegreesfRfABackground on Piezoelectric TransformersPiezoelectric TransformersPiezoelectric TransformersINPUTOUPUTPiezoelectric BodyPPLOADOpen Circuit Transformation RatioPiezoelectric TransformersPiezoelectric TransformersFamily PhotosBackgr
11、ound on Piezoelectric Transformers (PTs)Rosen: First Patent on PTsBerlincourt: Ballast for gaseous discharge lamp (Vermitron Corp.)PTs for TV receivers HV for cathode ray. (Denji Onkyo Limited, Matsushita, Motorola, RCA Corp.)PTs for triggering power switches gates with galvanic decoupling (Triacs,
12、Tiristors, Mosfets, etc.) : Siemens, General Electric.PTs for backlight CCFL in lap-top computers. (NEC, Murata, Matsushita, Taiheiyo, Tamura, Motorola, Tokin, etc.)195870s70s80s85s to presentPTs for power applications: Power converters (Face, NEC)Current target5W 50W 100W 220W 1kV 10V 5kV 10kV Mate
13、rial Improvements Dimensional Redesign Modular Design Power Delivery W Output Voltage Vp Step-up ratio 50-100 Input Voltage in CCFL applicat. (NEC, Tokin, Murata, etc) JAPAN (1985-2000) Improvements USA 1958 Rosen -type T6T1T3 USA 1998 TRANSONER TECHNOLOGY (Face Inter. Corp) Background on Piezoelect
14、ric TransformersPiezoelectric TransformersPiezoelectric TransformersPower Transoner Type-1 SpecificationsIsolatingNon-IsolatingPowerUp to 80 WUp to 80 W Frequency60kHz to 200 kHz 60 kHz to 200 kHz Gain1:15 to 1:181:15 to 1:60 Isolation Voltage35 kV+NA EfficiencyUp to 98+%Up to 99+% Thicknessmm 0.787
15、 - 10.160.787 - 10.16 Diametermm6.35 - 30.06.35 - 30.0Type T1: Power Transoner Transoner: Types and specificationsPiezoelectric TransformersPiezoelectric TransformersTypical Power Transoner Type-1 DevicesTypical High Voltage Transoner Type-6 DevicesSpecificationsType T6: Extremely High Power Transon
16、er Linear Fluorescent BallastIsolatingNon-Isolating TBD110 W TBD74 kHz 111 kHz TBD1.5 A TBD1:1 to 1:10 35 kV+NA TBD98+% 11.7 13.211.7 13.2Power (max) Frequency (range) Current Out (max) Gain Isolation Voltage Efficiency (max) Thicknessmm Diametermm6.35 30.06.35 30.0Transoner: Types and specificationsPiezoelectric Transformer
