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1、定语从句定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语， 修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先 行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（ 关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等 。关系副词有：when, where, why等。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与 先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定 语从句的隔离。例如：He was the only person in this country who was invited. 1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人
2、或物的名词或代 词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系 代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称 和数要和先行词保持一致。 1）who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从 句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语 ）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中 作宾语）2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）
3、, 例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作 主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（ which /
4、that在句中作宾语）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾 语）2 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理 由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1）when, where, why关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介 词+ which“结构，因此常常和“介词+ which“结 构交替使用，例如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何
5、人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词 后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which“引导的定 语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他
6、父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四 十年前居住过的地方。3 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取 决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语 ，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要 求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked to
7、gether with you.n方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分( 主、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关 系副词。 例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 答案：例1 D，例2 An例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a fe
8、w days ago. 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主 句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词， 所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状 语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中 ，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词 在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系
9、代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语 时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间 状语，why 原因状语) 。4 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性 定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主 句意思往往不明确,常译为先行词的前置定语； 非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉 了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常 用逗号分开，常译为主句的并列句。例如：This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。 （限制性）
10、 The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的 。（非限制性）n2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词 所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的 ，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休 了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房 子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel,
11、 which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已 经读了三遍。3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其 进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例 如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思， 这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词w
12、hy不能引导非限制 性定语从句。5 介词+关系词 1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2）that前不能有介词。 3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的 “介词+关系词“结构可以同关系副词when 和 where 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined o
13、ur clubn“介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句， 也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代 词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可 用whom或 which,不可用 that 。 n像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句 中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如： This is the boy whom she has taken care of. 6 as, which 非限定
14、性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as 和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 典型例题 1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. which D. he答案C. 此为非限定性从句，
15、不能用 that修饰，而 用which。it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句 子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句 ，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it 不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语 语法上行不通。n3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me f
16、rom going to the park A. that B. which C. as D. it答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系 代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以 作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有3点：(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句 中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系 代词只能用which.。(3) as “正如”在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B 。nAs 的用法 例1. the same as；suchas 中的as 是一 种固定结构, 和一样。I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.As is known, smoking is harmful to ones
