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1、Western Culture虚无 沙文Today, when human cultures are developed to a very high degree, overemphasizing their monistic(一元性） elements will result in a cultural nihilism（虚无主义） that tends to repress the multiple potentialities of human cultural development. Overemphasizing cultural pluralism（多元性）, on the o
2、ther hand, incurs a danger of giving rise to cultural chauvinism（沙文主义）七大规律Seven Laws Governing the Patterns of Development of Eastern and Western Cultures1、The Law of Cultural Commonality(互根律）2、The Law of Cultural Interstructuring（互构律）3、The Law of Cultural Complementarity（互补律）4、The Law of Cultural C
3、onflict（互抗律）5、The Law of Cultural Mutual Manifestation（互彰律）6、The Law of Cultural Mutual Verification（互证律）7、The Law of the Yin-Yang Development Cycle（阴阳循环互进规律）现代英文中的社会政治词汇是从古希腊还是古罗马传下来的？ancient Greek克利斯提尼改革 Cleisthenes is known as the father of Athenian democracy. 伯利克里黄金时代民主政治 Pericles the Athenian G
4、olden AgeGreco-Persian Wars东西方文化第一次冲突Peloponnesian War导致希腊文明瓦解Hellenistic civilizationrepresents the zenith of Greek influence in the ancient world from 323 BC to about 146 BC 对世界影响最大Ancient Rome平民与贵族的斗争：贵族：内部联姻，享有种种特权，元老院平民：政治上无权，经济上无法参与被征服土地的分配和使用，破产后有沦为债务奴隶的危险，军队和公共建设的主力。平民撤离运动第一次撤离运动：494BC 萨莫奈战争
5、 ，阿芬丁山第二次撤离运动：十二铜表法 450 BC（实际上刻在木板上，也有学者不称“十二铜表法” ）可以同贵族通婚，担任军政官（445BC） 、财务官（421BC） 。凡是罗马公民都可以分得“公地” ，废除债务奴隶制，两名执政官中应有一人由平民担任。第三次撤离运动：287BC平民大会取得立法权，此后，平民与贵族的划分界限模糊。白鹅拯救罗马高卢人围攻罗马Pyrrhic victory普鲁士的胜利Crossing the Rubicon Caesar 凯撒 共和国晚期And thou, Brutus?” 反对专制的决心屋大维 prince emperor罗马帝国文明达到前所未有的高度 Pax R
6、omana (Latin for Roman peace) was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the Roman Empire in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE. Since it was established by Caesar Augustus it is sometimes called Pax Augusta. Its span was approximately 207 years (27 BCE to
7、 180 CE).The fall of the Western Roman Empire 罗马帝国衰落原因领导集团的堕落 天灾人祸 基督教（注重来世） 蛮族入侵Zeno of Citium CynicismCynicism, in its original form, refers to the beliefs of an ancient school of Greek philosophers known as the Cynics. Their philosophy was that the purpose of life was to live a life of Virtue in
8、agreement with Nature. This meant rejecting all conventional desires for wealth, power, health, and fame, and by living a simple life free from all possessions.Dark AgesDark Ages is a term referring to the period of cultural and economic deterioration and disruption that occurred in Europe following
9、 the decline of the Roman Empire. Originally, the term characterized the bulk of the Middle Ages (ca. 5th - 15th C.) as a period of intellectual darkness between the extinguishing of the light of Rome and the Renaissance or rebirth from the 14th century onwards.Later historians expanded the term to
10、refer to the transitional period between Roman times and the High Middle Ages (ca. 11th - 13th C.), including not only the lack of Latin literature, but also a lack of contemporary written history, general demographic decline, limited building activity and material cultural achievements in general.西
11、方不亮东方亮 在此时期，中国为从南北朝至明代中期，隋、唐的国力，宋代的文化和经济，以及明朝的强盛和海外开拓，都在表现出中国的优越而不“黑暗” 。The RenaissanceThe Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century.Its influence aff
12、ected literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art.The European Renaissance began in ItalyFather of the Italian language.Dante 但丁Fathe
13、r of Humanism. Francesco PetrarcaThe Prince by Niccol MachiavelliThe descriptions within The Prince have the general theme of accepting that the aims of princes, such as glory, and indeed survival, can justify the use of immoral means to achieve those ends. It was also in direct conflict with the do
14、minant Catholic and scholastic doctrines of the time concerning how to consider politics and ethics.为什么写这本书，内容是什么？谁害怕这本书出版教会这本书是给老百姓看的主张统治者一定要维持和巩固其权位，应该懂得运用权谋，可以不讲信义，可以冷酷残忍，也可以狡狯。他指出，统治者与人民的关系可能有三种：一是受人民爱戴，此固不错，但主动权在人民一方，不易持久；二是使人民害怕，此为最佳；三是被人民轻视，此为最坏。但他也主张勿夺人民所好，也不要与民争利，认为人民的“女人和钱袋”不可碰。背景：文艺复兴时期的意
15、大利割据势力十分严重，各城邦国家间的彼此仇视使意大利丧失了中世纪时期在商业和贸易方面的领先地位，而且因没有形成统一的民族国家而倍受西班牙、法国和德国的蹂躏。马基亚维利主张建立统一中央集权的民族国家，结束意大利的分立状态。da Vinci 达芬奇 跟权贵好 Michelangelo 米开朗琪罗 不会做人宗教改革发生的原因一、教会方面的原因罗马教会的衰落，丧失在精神主导方面的地位，而教士的腐化尤其在品质的低劣和教规的废弛等方面表现出来。教会的腐败另一现象是卖圣职。还有任用亲信和特许破戒。即丑闻。二、政治方面的因素民族国家的兴起，民族情绪和民族意识的彭湃，有了国权完整的要求。三、文化方面的因素文艺复
16、兴的影响第一，文艺复兴时代人文主义的兴起第二，促进思想解放四、经济方面的因素罗马教会的经济主张与日益茁壮的资本主义精神不能相容。五、首先发生在日尔曼的原因第一，日尔曼境内文化及其他社会和经济条件较为落后，中世纪的一些传统保留也较多，因而宗教情操较其他地区为深。第二，日尔曼因罗马教会腐败和滥权所受到的损害较大，教廷对日尔曼常巧取豪夺，因而积怨较深第三，经济上，教会在日尔曼所拥良田最多，因受土地兼并集中和物价上涨的威胁而视教会为其压迫者。加尔文新教介绍到苏格兰而称为长老派传入法国者被称为胡格诺派传入英格兰者被称为清教徒传入到加拿大称圣公会新教各派共同点：第一，他们都拒绝承认罗马教廷的权威，均自信它自己才是真正的基督的继承者；第二，各派均不认为教士具有特别的、神圣的、超自然的性质，反对教士在中世纪所占有的地位，他们一般称教士为牧师，教士亦可结婚，他们没有修士、修女或托钵僧；第三，他们都以方言或国语代替拉丁语为礼拜用语，均缩减
