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1、与现在完成时态连用的副词l already 已经 可以放在在句中或则句末lI have already passed the exam. lalmost 差不多lThey have almost finished the work.l nearly 几乎lShe has nearly finished the homework.l never 从来没有、不lHe has never been to Beijing.l just 刚刚lWe have just finished the work.l yet 仍 一般与否定句连用 放在句末lWe have not finished the wor
2、k yet l反意疑问句l现在在下雨，是不是？（反意疑问句）lIt is raining, isnt it ?l现在没有下雨，是不是？lIt isnt raining, is it ?l它是由一个陈述句加上一个疑问疑问的简略形 式组成的。l在反意疑问句中如果陈述句是肯定的，那么后 面的就应该否定；相反如果陈述句是否定的， 那么后面的就要是肯定的。l怎么样写反意疑问句？3种情况l1.反意疑问句陈述的部分中用了情态动词 助动词 和系动词lShe can swim, cant she? 情态动词 lHe is a good man, isnt he ?系动词lThey have a beautifu
3、l house, havent they ?lYou will go to Hangzhou this weekend, wont you?lYou didnt go to school today, did you? 助动词l2.在陈述句中是实意动词lThey went to school today, didnt they?lShe ate an apple, didnt she? l3.特殊情况l(p207)与现在或将来情况相反的虚拟语句l虚拟语句其实也是一个条件句，句中用if连接但是在if引导的条件句中的条件是与现在或将 来的情况是相反的。lIf I were a woman, I w
4、ould wear dress.lIf she was my girlfriend, I would go to see film with her.lIf I won the lottery, I would buy a flat.lIf passed the exam, I would invite you to have dinner with me.l与现在或将来情况相反的虚拟语句的句子结构是：l if + 动词的过去形式+ 主语+would（could）+动词原形lIf I were a woman, I would wear dress.lIf she was my girlfri
5、end, I would go to see film with her.lIf I won the lottery, I would buy a flat.lIf I passed the exam, I would invite you to have dinner with me.l注意：if从句可以放在句子的前面也可以放在句子的 后面 ，但是在前面的时候主句和从句之间要用逗号隔 开，反之就不用加符号直接跟在主句后面就可以了。间接疑问句p214介词短语l in spite of 尽管lIn spite of the heavy rain, they still played basket
6、ball on playground.lIn spite of great efforts we failed to carry our plans through.l apart fromlAll the children like music apart from Bobby.lApart from a few words, I do not know any French at all.l except for lWe all went except John.系动词和类似的动词l系动词和类似的动词l系动词可以接形容词和名词lShe is beautiful. She is a teac
7、her.lbecome和系动词一样可以跟形容词和名词lShe becomes beautiful. She becomes a teacher.l还有些动词后面经常可以跟形容词，如 look, sound, smell, taste 等分别表示看起来 、听起来、闻起来、尝起来怎么样p215have to和must表示责任和义 务l have to 表示外部因素决定的义务l must则表示出于主观的因素认为自己必须干什么lI have to give up smoking because I have no money to buy cigarettes. lI have to go now o
8、r I will be late.lI must clean my bedroom.lI must study hard.l如果对方对你用must的话 就表示一种命令和强烈的建议l如果要强调must和have to的程度可以用really修饰mustnt 和dont have to mustnt 表示不允许做某事You mustnt tell anybody about this - its a secret.等同于are not allowed to doYou are not allowed to tell anybody about this.do not have to 表示没有必要做某事You do not have to go to school so early.You do not have to buy so many things.表示确定性的程度 表示方位的短语 p226
