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1、Chapter 3From Morpheme to Phrase12015/11/02 Main Points to CoveruMorphology and MorphemeuTypes of Morphemesu Morphs and Allomorphs uWhat is word?Word and Lexical Items Identification and classification of words uWord-formation Formation of Words Lexical Change 2 Grammatical Hierarchy of Languageclau
2、se complexclauseword group/phrasewordmorpheme31. What is Morpheme? 1.1Morphology and Morpheme Morphology is a branch of linguistics which investigates internal structures of words and rules of morphemes by which words are formed. (P52-53) 形态学，词法学 A systematic study of morpheme45 The two fields: Infl
3、ectional morphology: the study of inflections Derivational/lexical morphology: the study of word-formationThe Structure of WordsnGroup 1:careful care + fulsadness sad + nessrealize real + izedisobey dis + obeyunthinkable un + think +ablenThese examples show that a word may be analyzed into minimal u
4、nits of meaning. 6From words to elementsnGroup 2:walkswalked walkingnIn this case, the word-forms consist of one element walk, and a number of other elements such as -s, -ed, -ing, which indicate various grammatical meanings.7These examples show that a word may be analyzed into minimal units of mean
5、ing, whether it is lexical or grammatical (词汇词汇 意义义与语语法意义义)These minimal unit of meaning are morphemes.What do these examples show?8 Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without
6、destroying or drastically altering the meaning. 语语素/词词素 A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. Morpheme is the smallest meaning-bearing unit. 最小的携带意义的语言单位 具备形式和内容两面体的最小语言单位9The Definition of Morpheme Words are composed of morphemes. (mono-morphemic/poly-morphemic words) 1-m
7、orpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble 3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity 4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness 6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism 10 Free and bound morpheme Root, affix and stem Inflectional affix and
8、derivational affix1.2 Types of Morphemes11 In terms of capacity of occurring alone Free morphemes: those which may occur alone， that is, those which may make up words by themselves. boy, man, house, tiger, sad, long, yellow, sincere, when, in Bound morphemes: those which cannot occur alone, but must
9、 appear with at least one different morpheme. -ful, -ness, -less, distempered121) Free morpheme and bound morpheme 自由语素和粘着语素 All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes. Poly-morphemic words that consist of free morphemes only are called COMPOUNDS.13 Lexical morphemes:words which carry the “content
10、”of messages we convey (an “open” class of word)boy, man, house, tiger, sad, long, yellow, sincere Functional morphemes: functional words in the language such as conj.; prep.; articles ; pron. (a “closed” class of words)and; but, when, the, on, in -George Yule: The Study of Language, 2005. P76-7714F
11、ree morphemes: lexical vs. functional In terms of functions of morpheme in a word Poly-morphemic words other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes.152) Root, affix and stem (词根、词缀和词干)16 (re) print (ed)affix root affix internationalismRoot 词根 A root is the base form of a word that cann
12、ot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning. It is the part of a word remaining when all affixes have been removed. All words contain a root morpheme. Word = (prefix) + root + (suffix) Root: nation Prefix + root: replay Root+ suffix: national Prefix+ root + suffix = international (ism)17 A
13、 root may also be free or bound. E.g. free root: work in worker, think in unthinkable; 汉语“电”: “电话”“电视”“电线” English has relatively a few bound root morpheme, e.g. -ceive in perceive, receive, conceive; -tain in retain, contain, maintain; vit- in vital,vitamine;-mit in remit, permit, commit, submit.18
14、Affix 词缀 An affix is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). Prefix: para-, mini-, un-, dis-, anti-Suffix: -ise, -tion, -sInfix: foot/ feet, goose/geese (P54)19 Prefix: occurring at the beginning of a word, it usually chan
15、ges the meaning of a word. E.g. dis-; un-; mis-; 老乡 ；阿爸 Suffix: occurring at the end of a word, it usually changes part of speech. E.g. -ly; -ness; -tion ；记者；读者；凳子 Infix: affix morphemes that are inserted into root or stem morphemes to divide them into two parts. E.g. tatawa “a person who will laugh
16、”tumatawa “a person who is laughing” In this language, the infix um- is inserted after the first consonant of a noun or adjective. 20 Affixes can be used to mark the grammatical function of a word or create a new word. The boys walked slowly up the hill. The affix is naturally bound. Then affixes ar
