A Course of Translation from Chinese into EnglishChapter 3 Translation of Sentences3.1 汉英句法对比——3.1.1 句子的概念汉语句子表示语义终止的标点符号根据句子语义和 语气来确定——以意统形A sentence强调形式和语法结构，大多数句子有主 语和谓语——以形制意 汉语句子重意义和功能，英语句子重形式和功能 因此，将汉语句子译成英语时，要重视形式汉语句子和英语句子都可分为陈述句、感叹句、祈 使句和疑问句3.1 汉英句法对比——3.1.2 意合与形合1. ①我常见许多青年朋友，②聪明用功，③成绩优 异，④而语文程度不足以达意，⑤甚至写一封信都亦 难得通顺，⑥问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面梁 实秋《学问与趣味》） 倘若完全按原文的句法特征将其译为英文，可能是 ： ①I have come across a great many young friends, ②bright and diligent, ③do exceedingly well in studies, ④but they are rather weak in Chinese, ⑤even can’t write a smooth Chinese letter. ⑥When asked why, they’ll say they are not interested in Chinese. 3.1 汉英句法对比——3.1.2 意合与形合请看张培基先生的译文： I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language. 3.1 汉英句法对比——3.1.2 意合与形合2. 远看山有色，近听水无声，春去花还在，人来鸟 不惊。
When you look afar, the mountains are green and clear,But no sound of stream is heard when listening near.The flowers remain in full bloom when spring’s away,A human being’s approach the bird doesn’t fray.汉诗表达何其圆润整饬，而四句英译，却平添了三 个when，一个but！非译者无能，而是出于无奈，非 如此添加，英译将被斥为unidiomatic，甚至unEnglish 3.1 汉英句法对比——3.1.2 意合与形合3. 早知今日，何必当初？If I had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently.4. 他老是见异思迁He is always changing his mind the moment he sees something new.5. 总之，前途是光明的，道路是曲折的In a word, while the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.6. 一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。
a. There was an Englishman. He could not speak Chinese. He was once traveling in China. b. An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China.3.1 汉英句法对比——3.1.2 意合与形合7．到南京时，有朋友约去游逛，勾留了一日；第 二日上午便须渡江到浦口，下午上车北去 ——朱自 清《背影》I spent the first day in Nanjing strolling about with some friends at their invitation, and was ferrying across the Yangtze River to Pukou the next morning and thence taking a train for Beijing on the afternoon of the same day.（张译,42个单词）A friend kept me in Nanjing for a day to see sights, and the next morning I was to cross the Yangtze to Pukou to take the afternoon train to the north.（杨译 ，32个单词） 3.1 汉英句法对比——3.1.2 意合与形合8．老境却如此颓唐！他触目伤怀，自然情不能自 已。
情郁于中，自然要发之于外；家庭琐屑便往往触 他之怒To think that he should now be so downcast in old age! The discouraging state of affairs filled him with an uncontrollable feeling of deep sorrow, and his pent-up emotion had to find a vent. That is why even mere domestic trivialities would often make him angry.No one could have foreseen such a comedown in his old age! The thought of this naturally depressed him, and as he had to vent his irritation somehow, he often lost his temper over trifles. 3.1 汉英句法对比——3.1.2 意合与形合connective=译文趋简？未必！9．我北来后，他写了一信给我，信中说道，“我身体平 安，惟膀子疼痛利害，举箸提笔，诸多不便，大约大去之 期不远矣。
After I arrived in Beijing, he wrote me a letter, in which he said, “I’m all right except for a severe pain in my arm. I even have trouble using chopsticks or writing bushes. Perhaps it won’t be long now before I depart this life.”After I came north he wrote to me: “My health is all right, only my arm aches so badly I find it hard to hold the pen. Probably the end is not far away.” 45：343.1 汉英句法对比——3.1.2 意合与形合10．我读到此处，在晶莹的泪光中，又看见那肥胖 的，青布棉袍，黑布马褂的背影唉！我不知何时再 能与他相见！Through the glistening tears which these words had brought to my eyes I again saw the back of father’s corpulent form in the dark blue cotton- padded cloth long gown and the black cloth mandarin jacket. Oh, how I long to see him again! When I read this, through a mist of tears I saw his blue cotton-padded gown and black jacket once more as his burly figure walked away from me. Shall we ever meet again?3.1 汉英句法对比——3.1.3 人称与物称11. 1998年10月我在英国学习。
October 1998 found me studying in England.12. 发怒之后，我不难过，也不后悔Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst. 1．具体的“物”13．又过了几个月，我看见他们手上戴了结婚戒指 可是他们不像以前那样健谈了，她又在看书，他在 看报Months later, rings appeared glistening on their fingers but chatting was gradually replaced by reading, one with a book the other a newspaper.3.1 汉英句法对比——3.1.3 人称与物称14．由眼前的神木，我不禁想到大干世界中的人 每个人的一生都不可能一帆风顺，总合遇到这样或那 样的坎坷与挫折This Wonder Wood started me thinking of all sorts of people in the world. Life is no plain sailing. One is bound to suffer frustrations and setbacks.3.1 汉英句法对比——3.1.3 人称与物称2．心理活动15．四十岁的女人呢？揽镜自照，昔日光滑的额头已见 依稀纹路，浓密的黑发也全没了光泽。
哦，时光流逝太快， 还没有很好地—览风光，怎么就已入了秋境呢？便觉得有三 分怅惘，三分无奈然而，思之又觉释然What has become of a woman at forty? The answer comes from the mirror, which shows up vaguely discernible wrinkles on the formerly smooth forehead and the thick black hair with its gloss gone. A touch of frustration and helplessness comes over me as I realize how time flies. Before I have sufficiently admired the scenery and enjoyed the beauties of life, it's already autumn. However, a second thought brings me relieved calm.3.1 汉英句法对比——3.1.3 人称与物称3．体貌特征16．她们或许是我们的奶奶，满头银丝，满脸皱纹 ，世人多用。