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1、 We need to interpret interpretations more than to interpret things. Montaigne (as quoted in Derridas essay, “structure, sign, and play”, 1966)在更多的情况下，我们其实并不是对事物本身进行解释， 而是对从前的各种的“解释”进行解释。 Its Beginnings Structuralism at a Glance Derridas Interpretation of Saussures Sign Derrida read his paper “Struc
2、ture, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Science ” at a Johns Hopkins University symposium in 1966. Derrida borrows the basis of and the starting point for his deconstructive strategy from the school of Structuralism . Ferdinand de Saussures Course in General Linguistics . Langue/Parole Si
3、gnifier/Signifi edSignifiersSignifiers themselvesrelationshipsdifferencesSignifiedsOther signifiedsdifferencesrelationshipsSignifiedsSignifiersarbitraryconventional I filled the glass with milk.signifier: glass, signified: container The container was filled with glass.signifier: container, signified
4、: an object that can be filled Transcendental Signified Logocentrism Binary Oppositions Phonocentrism Transcendental Signified (超越的意旨)Transcendental Signifiedultimate meaning Centers: God, reason, origin, being, essence, truth, humanity, beginning, end and self. Logocentrism(逻各斯中心主义): The belief tha
5、t there is an ultimate reality or center of truth that can serve as the basis for all our thoughts and actions. Derrida concludes that Western metaphysics is based on a system of binary operations (二元对立 ). For each center, there exists an opposing center. Western philosophy decrees that in each of t
6、hese binary operations, one concept is superior and defines itself by its opposite or inferior center. Speech/Writing This privileging of speech over writing Derrida calls phonocentrism （语音中心主义 ）. Acknowledging Binary Operations in Western Thought Arch-Writing Supplementation Diffranceviolent hierar
7、chy （暴力等级）SpeechWritingSpeechWritingArche-Writing，archi-criture （元书写） Derrida uses the term supplement to refer to the unstable relationship between elements in a binary operation. In French, “suppler” also means “to substitute (to take the place of) ”. Adams first good act is an expression of love
8、for the fallen Eve. This goodness comes only after evil. Good/Evil Evil/Good Good/EvilLucifers FallPride GodHumans Fall He creates a new word Diffrance. The word itself is derived from the French word Diffrer, meaning “to defer (delay)延宕”, and “to differ (be different from)区别”. We know something bec
9、ause it differs from something else to which it is related. By the reversal, nothing can be studied or learned in isolation.Presence AbsencePresenceAbsence Reading Strategy Discover the binary operations that govern a text. Comment on the values, concepts and ideas beyond these operations. Reverse t
10、hese present binary operations. Dismantle previously held worldviews. Accept the possibility of various perspectives or levels of meaning in a text based on the new binary inversions. Allow meaning of the text to be undecidable.Thank You!Works Cited Bressler, Charles. Literary Criticism: An Introduc
11、tion to Theory and Practice. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2004. Guerin, Wilfred L. et, al. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. Beijing: Foreign Langurage Teaching and Research Press. 2004. Selden, Raman et, al. A Readers Guide to Contemporary Literary Thoery. Beijing: Foreign Langurage Teaching and Research Press. 2004.
