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1、English Lexicology Unit 3Word formation 2ContentsnAbbreviation (shortening)qClippingqInitialismqAcronymqBlendingqAphesisnBack-formationnOnomatopoeianWords from Proper NamesnExercisesClipping (shortening a word or words by leaving out letters or syllables)napocope (back clipped)qdorm(itory), disco(th
2、eque), expo(sition), gas(oline), hi(gh)- fi(delity), memo(randum), rep(resentative), naphaeresis (front clipped)q(violon)cello, bus, cab, phone, nfront and back clippedqflu, fridgensyncope (middle clipped, contraction)qfossil(iz)ation, pacif(ic)istqgovt (government), cantClippingnClipping in phrases
3、:qdaily (paper), finals (final examinations)qIOU (I owe you),nClipping in styleqinformalnChanges needed in clipping for the sake of soundqbike (bicycle), coke (Coca-Cola), InitialismGeneral (the use of initialization in words where each letter is pronounced)CPPCC (the Chinese Peoples Political Consu
4、ltative Conference) D.J. (disc jockey) GDP (Gross Domestic Product) GNP (Gross National Product) CPI (consumer price index) IOC (International Olympic Committee) BBC, ABC, NBC, CBS, CNN, AP c/o =care of P.S. =postscript RSVP=Reponde sil vous plaitInitialismITAGP Accelerate Graphics Processor AI Arti
5、ficial Intelligence BBS Bulletin Board System CAD Computer-Aided Design CAI Computer-Assisted Instruction CD Compact Disk CPU Central Processing Unit DPI Dots Per InchFTP File Transfer Protocol HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol IC Integrate circuit IP Internet Protocol LCD Liquid Crystal Display LED
6、light-emitting diode OS Operating System PPM Pages Per Minute USB Universal Serial Bus VGA Video Graphics ArrayInitialismWeb-chattingASAP AAMOF (as a matter of fact) BTW BBL (be back later) BRB (be right back) CU (see you) CUL (see you later) FE (for example) FTF (face to face)FYI (for your informat
7、ion) IC (I see) IMO (in my opinion) IOW (in other words) LOL (laughing out loudly) OIC (Oh, I see) TIA (Thanks in advance) TTUL (Talk to you later) TY (Thank you) VG (very good)InitialismCompoundnE-school = electronic school（网络学校）nE-tail = electronic retail（电子零售）；nH-bomb = hydrogen bomb（氢弹）nV-day =
8、victory day（胜利日）nU-boat = undersea boat（潜艇）Acronym (words derived from the initials of several words, pronounced as a word, not as a list of letters)qAPEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation （亚太经济合 作组织）qASEAN the Association for South-East Asian Nations（东 南亚国家联盟）qNATO the North Atlantic Treaty Organiz
9、ation （北大西洋 公约组织）qUNESCO the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization（联合国教科文组织）qlaser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation （激光）qROM read only memory（只读内存）Acronym-Intentional coincidencen近年来，首字母拼音词出现了一个有趣的现象，人们有意或 无意地把首字母英语词汇学拼音词拼写成与现存的词相同的 样子，并借用其读音。qSALT “限制战略武器
10、会谈”(Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)qBASIC English “英美国际通用科技商业英语”（ British-American-Scientific-International- Commercial English）qBasic (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)（一种计算机代码）qCALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning)Blending (making a word by putting together parts of other word
11、s)n4 types of blendsqhead + end telecast (television broadcast) motel (motor hotel), botelqhead + head Amerind (American Indian), comsat (communication satellite), Interpol (international police)qhead + word paratroop (parachute troops) heliport (helicopter port)qword + head masscult (mass culture)n
12、More examples: netizen, brunch, Taikonaut email，sci-fi (or scifi), infortainment， glocalization (全球本土 化) Aphesis (词首非重读短元音的脱落)nAphetic forms are a special kind of shortening characterized by the omission of the initial unstressed syllable as in scuse me (excuse me) and cause (because). professorprof
13、fessorWhen pronounced casually, the first unstressed syllable may be omitted.An instance of clippingAn aphetic formA clippingBack-formationnBack-formation is the making of a new word from an older word which is mistakenly thought to be its derivative. nIt involves the shortening of a longer word by
14、cutting away an imagined/supposed derivational suffix. editoreditedit + or editBut how can I judge which is right?nThe word edit is often cited as an example of back-formation. In other words, edit is not the source of editor, as dive is not the source of diver, which is the expected derivational pa
15、ttern; rather, the opposite is the case. nEdit in the sense “to prepare for publication,” first recorded in 1793, comes from editor, first recorded in 1712 in the sense “one who edits.”Diachronic evidence (历时证据):editor: first recoded in 1712edit: first recoded in 1793, almost a hundred years later.B
16、ack-formation logicnBack-formation is created by analogy according to the following proportion (比例式).writer: write : peddler: ? revision: revise : television: ?write is to writer as peddle is to peddler. revise is to revision as televise is to television.peddleteleviseAffixationBack-formationseemingly similar, actually oppositeBack-formationClassificatio
