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1、Economy 1. Before 20th Century-rising to the strongest economy-reasons2. 20th Century-decline: absolute and relative decline-reasons-after WWII3. Current Economy-slow progressEuropean Union: 欧洲联盟，简称欧盟 是当今世界一体化程度最高的区域政治、经 济集团组织。其前身是1958年成立的欧洲 共同体(European Community, EC)，即欧 洲经济共同体(European Economic Co
2、mmunity, EEC)、煤钢共同体(European Coal no other country was yet ready to compete with her in industrial production. colonizationBy 1901 the Empires size was 12,000,000 square miles, more than 1/5 of the world, 11 times its own size. Britains population was 41,500,000, and the Empires population was 4,000
3、,000,000, approximately 10 times its own.By 1900 Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”.Exploitation upon the colonies pushed forward its economy.1)Decline -Absolute Decline and Relativs Decline 2) Reasons (1): starting from mid-19th century UK has slowed its pace in industr
4、ial growth.periodRate of industrial growth (%)1860-187033.21870-188020.81880-189017.42. 20th Century1) Decline (2) manufacturing output percentagetimeUKUSAGermanyFranceRussia187031.823.313.210.33.71881- 188526.628.613.98.63.41896- 19009.530.116.67.15.01) Decline (3) UKs fall was fast.This decline wa
5、s a relative one. It was still in absolute progress. (fell from 2st to 6th rank)2) Reasons for Decline Debts as a result of warDecolonizationMilitary expenditureOld industryLow rate of investment3) Quick Recovery after WWIISteady development in the 50s and 60s. By the end of 1947 the British economy
6、 had returned to its pre-war levels. In 1950 Britains GDP and its foreign trade ranked second and its per capita income third in the world. Economic recession in the 70s two oil crises (1973; 1977)1973-1979, GDP growth averaged 1.4% per year and the rate of inflation通货膨胀 15.6%.stagnant economy停滞萧条的经
7、济; “British disease”1970s economic downturn: 1973 oil crisis due to OPEC oil embargo石油禁运 high rates of inflation (20%).1973, EEC membership.1979 1990: the Thatcherism: privatisation, reduced state intervention, free markets, and entrepreneurialism. (cf. Reganomics)1990 1997, Major years1997 now, New
8、 LabourMargaret ThatcherThe leader of Conservative partyTo office in 1979The UK first woman Prime MinisterPolices to overcome the British economic problems- high inflation and low growthThe privatization in the 1980sPrivatization and monetary reformCheck trade unionPeoples capitalismBetter the Briti
9、sh economic situationRecovery in 80s Margaret Thatchers reforms: I.Privatization and liberalization II.Welfare: old age pensions reduced; period of unemployment benefits shortened; child benefits cutIII.Curbed抑制 the power of the trade unionsThe result:a.The rate of inflation fell sharply from 8.6 %
10、in 1982 to 5 % in 1983. Between 1981 and 1987 the GDP growth rate averaged 2.7 %. b.Meanwhile Britain has become a sizable oil exporter and the economy has become integrated with the global economy as well as with the EC economy.c.Unemployment increased: 3,000,000 in 1982Blairs “Third Way”Tony Blair
11、 came in power in 1997; the Labor PartyEmphasize the minimum wage and supplementing增补 low incomesStress individual responsibilityResults: limiting government spending, keeping inflation under control andreducing unemployment.3. Current EconomyAgriculture, fishing , mining = Primary industriesEnergy
12、productionManufacturing industryService industryForeign trade1990 GDP per capita1. Bermuda $23,0002. United States(GNP) $21,08213. France $14,60014. United Kingdom $14,30024. Hong Kong $10,000 176. ChinaChinas GDP in 2005 has reached 18.2321 trillion yuan, or 2.23 trillion US dollars. This total num
13、ber will surpass that of France and near Britain by known statistics, Shanghai Securities News reports. 2005 ($)1 卢森堡 69,056 7 美国 42,076 9 英国 36,977 23 香港 24,581 36 台湾 13,926 112 中华人民共和国 1,352 Unemployment rate(%) 2003 42 United Kingdom 5.2077 India 8.8081 Italy 9.1045 Japan 5.4082 France 9.10 49 Un
14、ited States 5.80 102 Spain 11.30 1) agriculture efficient 1.4% national wealth 1 % workforce 66% food high rate of production by modern technologyEmployment Breakdown (labor force)73%Services25%Industry2%Agriculture, Energy, Forestry, Fishing3/4 land for agriculture 2/3 land for stock raising 1/4 crops: wheat, barley east for crops west for dairy leading exports of livestock: cattle , sheep, pigs and horses Scottish beef Welsh muttonBSE disease 1996 ban on beef exportsChanges in British farmingPioneers in modern agriculture; highly mechanized, 2% farmer
