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1、Grammar - Past ParticipleI.过去分词的形式和意义1. 过去分词通常由动词原形加-ed构成。此外还有 少数不规则形式，有的不规则动词的过去分词有 两种形式。有些现代语法著作把过去分词称为- ed分词（-ed Paticiple)2. 过去分词与其它非限定词一样，都没有时的 特征，所不同的是，它形式单一，没有体与语 态的变化。3. 及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成意义， 不及物动词的过去分词表示主动和完成意义。II. 过去分词的在句中的用法1. 过去分词（短语）表语1.1 过去分词（短语）作表语时，其作用相当于adj.,说明的是 主语的状态All the windows
2、are broken. All hope is gone. This article is well written. He appeared more satisfied with my work.（1）有许多过去分词已经完全形容化了，它可以被very等副 词修饰，可以有比较级等级形式，这类过去分词常见的有： amazed, bored, disappointed, disturbed, embarrassed, excited, frightened, interested, limited, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, surprised, tired, w
3、orried 等。（2）有的过去分词可以被副词well修饰，如：built, cooked, done, dressed, known, organized, prepared, written等。（3）其它副词也可以修饰过去分词，如：deeply moved, greatly indebted, highly developed 等。1.2 由过去分词构成的合成形容词也可以作表语They are well-behaved and well-spoken.1.3 过去分词作表语时，其后可以接介词短语、不定式短语 及that 引导的宾语从句He is very much opposed to y
4、our plan. The mother was pleased to hear from her son. Im satisfied that you didnt tell me a lie.1.4 “be+过去分词” 有可能是一个系表结构，也有可能是 一个被动结构，这两种结构的差别是：（1）被动结构表动作，而系表结构表状态。 （2） 被动结构之后可以接by + 动作的执行者，系表结构则不行。 （3）系表结构中的过去词可以被well, very, much, quite 等副词修饰 ，而被动结构中过去分词则不能。 （4）系表结构中的过去分词往往具有固定的介词搭配。Why is the gla
5、ss broken?By whom is the glass broken?(系表结构）(被动结构)It is covered with thick ice and deep snow.Your table should be covered by a white cloth.(系表结构）(被动结构)1.5注意: 过去分词和ing分词作表语的区别：过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而- ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，如：Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 听到那个 消息，我们感到很惊讶 The news is very sur
6、prising. 这个消息很令人惊讶 。 They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。 At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears. 看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动得流下了 眼泪。2. 摸底测验 The painter looked so_ (tire) after working for a whole day. I was_ (disappoint) with the film I sa
7、w last night. I had expected it to be better. Everybody is really _(excite) about the new Olympic stadiums. His wound became_ (infect) with a new virus.tireddisappointedexcitedinfected小试牛刀1. 过去分词知多少 惊恐的人们 预留的座位 被污染的水 拥挤的教室 打碎的花瓶 关了的门 疲惫的观众 terrified /astonished people reserved seats polluted water a
8、 crowded room a broken vase a closed door the tired audienceIII. 过去分词作定语 1. 单个过去分词作定语, 通常前置a. 及物动词的过去分词，具有被动和完成的意义。a broken cup a wounded soldier an unexpected guest the excited crowd b. 不及物动词的过去分词，具有主动和完成意义。a grown woman a retired officerC. 合成的过去分词a much-needed reform state-owned enterprises2. 过去分词
9、短语作定语：通常后置，其作用相当于 定语从句。a letter written in pencilthe book recommended by Jackthe machines produced last yearThis substance, discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized machine.= a letter which was written in pencil= the book which was recommended by Jack= the machines which were produced last
10、year= This substance, which was discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized machine.A. first played B. to be first played C. first playing D. to be first playingA解析过去分词做定语：表被动，表完成。现在分词作定语：表主动，表进行。不定式作定语：表示将要发生的动作。The Olympic Games,_ in 776 B.C. did not include women players until 1912.区别 1 Fal
11、ling leaves Fallen leaves Disappointing news Disappointed people Exciting story Excited people Tired people/ Im tired Tiring film 正在飘的落叶 已经落在地上的落叶 令人失望的消息 感到失望的人们 激动人心的故事 （感到）激动的人们 累了的人/我感到累了 （使人觉得）无聊的电 影区别 2Falling leavesFallen leaves区别 2Exercises:1. We lived in the house _ (我舅舅们修建的).2. Any medicin
12、e _(服用) without the advice of a doctor can cause trouble.3. We spent two hours discussing the plan _ _ (她制定的).4. _ (开水)5. _ (一个破碎的茶杯)6. three _ (受伤的士兵)built by my unclestakenmade by herboiled water a broken cup wounded soldiersExercises:1. Most of the people _ (被邀请参加宴会的) were famous scientists.2. Le
13、ssons _ (易学的)are soon forgotten.* _ (易学的) lessons are soon forgotten.3. The computer center _ (开办) last week is popular with the students .invited to the partylearned easilyopened/startedEasily-learnedExercises1.Dont use words, expressions, or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge.A. bein
14、g known B. having been knownC. to be known D. known2.As we joined the big crowd, I got _ from my friendsA. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed3.Cleaning women in big cities usually get _ by the hour.A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay4.The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C. , did not include women players until 1912.A. first playing B. to be first playedC. first played D. to be first playingDACC5. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it.A. begins B. having begunC. beginning D. begun6. The television is a _ machine.A. newly-invented
