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1、11787 年在费城起草的宪法，在各州审议批准的过程中，也有不少美国公民感到 不安，因为宪法中并没有明确保障个人的权利。因此，宪法补充了 10 条修正案，统一称为权利法案，英文叫TheThe BillBill ofof RightsRights。由于补充了权利法案，宪法在 13 个州均获批准，并于 1789 年生效。第一条 Amendment ICongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the
2、 freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.译文：国会不得制定法律尊奉国教或禁止宗教自由。国会无权通过限制公 民的言论、出版、集会、请愿自由的法律。第二条 Amendment IIA well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right o
3、f the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.译文：纪律严明的民兵是保障自由州的安全所必需的，人民持有和携带武 器的权利不可侵犯。第三条 Amendment IIINo Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.译文：未经房主同意，士兵平时不得驻扎在任何住宅；除依
4、法律规定的方 式，战时也不得驻扎。第四条 Amendment IVThe right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing
5、the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.译文：人民的人身、住宅、文件和财产不受无理搜查和扣押的权利，不得 侵犯。除依据可能成立的理由，以宣誓或代誓宣言保证，并详细说明搜查地点 和扣押的人或物，不得发出搜查和扣押状。其实，第四条修正案要保护的是人 而不是场所不受政府的无理侵扰。这就是说，个人的住宅和所有物是“人身自 由的延长”，因此是人身权利的一部分。 第五条 Amendment VNo person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise i
6、nfamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor
7、shall be compelled in any criminal case 2to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.译文：未经大陪审团同意，任何人不接受死刑和重罪的刑事指控，在战时 或者出现公共危险时，在陆海军及民兵中出现的案例例外。任何人不得因同一 犯罪行为而
8、两次被置于生命或身体的危害中。不得在任何刑事案件中被迫自证 其罪。未经法律的正当程序，任何人的生命、自由、财产不受剥夺。非经公平 赔偿，私有财产不得征为公用。1787 年在费城起草的宪法，在各州审议批准的过程中，也有不少美国公民感到 不安，因为宪法中并没有明确保障个人的权利。因此，宪法补充了 10 条修 正案，统一称为权利法案，英文叫 The Bill of Rights。由于补充了权 利法案，宪法在 13 个州均获批准，并于 1789 年生效。第六条 Amendment VIIn all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the r
9、ight to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him;
10、to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.译文：在一切刑事诉讼中，被告有权由犯罪行为发生地的州和地区的公正 陪审团予以迅速和公开的审判，该地区应事先已由法律确定；得知控告的性质 和理由；同原告证人对质；以强制程序取得对其有利的证人；并取得律师帮助 为其辩护。 第七条 Amendment VIIIn suits at common law, where the value in controversy
11、shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.译文：在习惯法的诉讼中，其争执价额超过二十美元，由陪审团审判的权 利应受到保护。由陪审团裁决的事实，合众国的任何法院除非按照习惯法规则， 不得重新审查。第八条 Amen
12、dment VIIIExcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.译文：不得要求过多的保释金，不得处以过重的罚金，不得施加残酷和非 常的惩罚。第九条 Amendment IXThe enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.3译文： 本宪法对某些权利的列举，不得被解释为否定或轻视由人民保留的 其他权利。第十条 Amendment XThe powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.译文：宪法未授予合众国、也未禁止各州行使的权力，由各州各自保留， 或由人民保留。
