《Mankiweconomiclecture01绪论》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Mankiweconomiclecture01绪论（72页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、 2007 Thomson South-WesternLecture one INTRODUTION 2007 Thomson South-WesternHOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS People face trade-offs. The cost of something is what you give up to get it. Rational people think at the margin. People respond to incentives. 2007 Thomson South-Western人们如何作出决策 人们面临权衡取舍 某东西的成本就是为
2、得到它所放弃的东西 理性人考虑边际量 人们会对激励作出反应 2007 Thomson South-Western “There is no such thing as a free lunch!” 天下没有免费的午餐Principle #1: People Face Trade-offs.人们面临权衡取舍 2007 Thomson South-WesternMaking decisions requires trading off one goal against another.Principle #1: People Face Trade-offs. To get one thing, w
3、e usually have to give up another thing. Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity 2007 Thomson South-WesternMaking decisions requires trading off one goal against another.原理1: 人们面临权衡取舍 为了得到我们喜爱的一件东西，我们通常不得不放弃另一件喜爱的东西。 大炮 vs.黄油 食物 vs. 衣服 休闲 vs. 工作 效率 vs. 平等 2007 Thoms
4、on South-WesternPrinciple #1: People Face Trade-offs Efficiency v. Equity Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources. Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society. 2007 Thomson South-Western原理1: 人们面临权衡取舍 效率与平等 效率 社
5、会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。 平等 社会资源的经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。 2007 Thomson South-WesternPrinciple #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It. Decisions require comparing costs and benefits of alternatives. Whether to go to college or to work? Whether to study or go out on a date? Whether to go to clas
6、s or sleep in? The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item. 2007 Thomson South-Western原理2:某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西 作出决策时需要比较可供选择的行动方案的 成本与收益。 上大学还是去工作? 学习还是出去约会? 去上课还是睡觉? 机会成本为了得到某种东西所必需放弃的东西。 2007 Thomson South-WesternPrinciple #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to
7、Get It. Basketball star LeBron James understands opportunity costs and incentives. He chose to skip college and go straight from high school to the pros where he earns millions of dollars. 2007 Thomson South-Western原理2:某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西 篮球明星 LeBron James 明白机会成本和激励。他决定不读大学而直接进入职业篮 球联盟（ NBA ），一年可以赚取几
8、百万美元。 2007 Thomson South-Western Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.Principle #3: Rational People Think at the Margin. 2007 Thomson South-Western 边际变动对当前行动计划微小的增量调整。人们作决策时需要比较边际成本和边际利益。
9、原理3:理性人考虑边际量 2007 Thomson South-WesternPrinciple #4: People Respond to Incentives Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond. The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternatives marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs! 2007 Thomson South-Wester
10、n原理4: 人们会对激励作出反应 成本或收益的边际改变会激励人们作出反应 。 当一个方案的边际收益大于边际成本时，人们选择这个方案，而不去选择别的! 2007 Thomson South-WesternHOW PEOPLE INTERACT Trade can make everyone better off. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity. Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes. 2007 Thomson South-Western人们
11、如何与他人相互交易 贸易可以使每个人状况更好。 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法。 政府有时能改善市场经济效果。 2007 Thomson South-WesternPrinciple #5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off People gain from their ability to trade with one another. Competition results in gains from trading. Trade allows people to specialize in what they do best. 2007 Thoms
12、on South-Western原理5:贸易能使每个人状况变好 人们可以从与他人相互交易的能力中获益。 竞争可以使人们从贸易中获益。 贸易可以让人们从事他们最专长的工作。 2007 Thomson South-WesternPrinciple #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity A market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and hou
13、seholds as they interact in markets for goods and services. Households decide what to buy and who to work for. Firms decide who to hire and what to produce. 2007 Thomson South-Western原理6:市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法 市场经济当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。 家庭决定购买什么和为谁工作 企业决定雇佣谁和生产什么。 2007 Thomson South-West
14、ernPrinciple #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand.” Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell, they unknowingly tak
15、e into account the social costs of their actions. As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole. 2007 Thomson South-Western原理6:市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法 亚当.斯密提出了全部经济学中最有名的观察结果：家庭和企业在市场上相互交易，他们仿佛被一只“看不见的手”所指引，导致了合意的市场结果。 由于家庭和企业在决定购买和出售什么时
16、关注价格，所以他们就不知不觉地考虑到了他们的行为的社会收益与成本。 结果是，价格指引这些个别决策者在大多数情况下实现了整个社会福利最大化的结果。 2007 Thomson South-WesternPrinciple #7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes Markets work only if property rights are enforced. Property rights are the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over a scarce resource Market failure occurs when the m
