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1、Lesson Seven Summary Writing 读书摘要的写作Contents What is summary?Features of summary?Writing skillsWriting steps Summary writing practice Reading assignment Chapter OutlineWhat is summary? A bridge between reading and writingDefinition A summary is a shortened passage, which retains the essential inform
2、ation of the original. It is a fairly brief restatement - in your own words -of the contents of a passage. A summary is a short account giving the main points of something longer or detailed.Definition of a Summary (in details) A summary is a brief restatement of the essential A summary is a brief r
3、estatement of the essential thought of a longer composition. thought of a longer composition. It reproduces the theme of the original with as few It reproduces the theme of the original with as few words as possible. words as possible. When one writes a summary, one should not When one writes a summ
4、ary, one should not interpret or comment. interpret or comment. All one has to do is to give the gist of the authors All one has to do is to give the gist of the authors exact and essential meaning.exact and essential meaning.Definition of a Summary A A summary summary is is a a short short version
5、version of of a a longer longer text, text, and it gives only the main points.and it gives only the main points.Definition of a Summary 概要概要(summary)(summary)是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本 内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文。它以迅速掌握原文内内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文。它以迅速掌握原文内 容梗概为目的，容梗概为目的，( (不加主观评论和解释不加主观评论和解释) )，概要必须简明，概要必须简明 、确切地表述原
6、文的重要内容。、确切地表述原文的重要内容。Classification of SummariesSummaryDescriptiveSummaryInformative SummaryEvaluativeSummaryDescriptive Summary描述型概要： A descriptive summary is often referred to as A descriptive summary is often referred to as a a descriptive abstractdescriptive abstract. This type of writing is ver
7、y . This type of writing is very important to businessman who wants to important to businessman who wants to keep abreast keep abreast ofof ( (及时了解）及时了解）what is going on in a field. what is going on in a field. So invaluable are these descriptive summaries in So invaluable are these descriptive summ
8、aries in determining whether or not some particular article is determining whether or not some particular article is pertinent pertinent （恰当地）（恰当地）to a specific interest in entire to a specific interest in entire periodicals and books. periodicals and books. In the descriptive summary, you inject no
9、 personal In the descriptive summary, you inject no personal feelings or thoughts, presenting the main points of feelings or thoughts, presenting the main points of the material objectively.the material objectively.Informative Summary信息型概要：The informative summary tells what is in the work in a parag
10、raph to several pages, depending on the length of the original. Evaluative Summary评价型概要 ：A summary may evaluate; it may be the purpose of the summary not only to report the gist of a piece of writing but also to comment on its accuracy, completeness, and usefulness. In the evaluative summary you inc
11、lude your own reactions, your thoughts and feelings, along with a report on the main facts in the material. Linguistic Features of Summary 1. Objective and Faithful 内容客观，忠实原文概概要要写写作作 心得感想心得感想Features of Summary2. Concise and Coherent语言简洁，衔接连贯Structural Features of Summaries The format most often inc
12、ludes: a title, paragraphs, authors name and a date. Short sentences are normally required, but numbered points and/or other graphic devices may also be used. The length of a summary varies according to its purpose; however, it should generally be no more than one-fourth the length of the original.
13、Steps of Summary Writing ReadingWritingModifyingReading(阅读) l首先，通读全文，对文章大意有所了解。 l阅读时，要把注意力集中到原文的中心思想和 文章整体结构框架上，决定内容的取舍。 l阅读中，应快速地找到主题句，以便有助于抓 住中心，理解全文。有的文章主题句出现在开头 或结尾，找出即可。有的文章中没有主题句，则 要根据各段落、各层次的大意用自己的语言进行 总结。 上一页About paraphrasing To paraphrase means to completely and correctly express other peo
14、ples ideas in ones own words.Example Prevention is better than cure. （预防胜于治疗。）(It is better to prevent something unpleasant from happening than try to put it right afterwards.)It helps us understand the original better.It helps us grasp the central idea and the main points. It helps us write summari
15、es that are brief and to the point, and in our own words.The importance of paraphrasing1. Read the original carefully and comprehend its meaning wholly and correctly.Consider the original article as a whole, not in isolated sentences.Steps of paraphrasingSteps of paraphrasing2. Then go back and read
16、 the original text carefully, jotting down（草草记下） notes on or highlighting the important points. Write the central idea and the authors reasons (purpose and intent) for holding this viewpoint. Note the supporting elements the author uses to explain or back up her/his main information or claim. Steps of paraphrasing3. Make an outline that includes the main idea and the supporting details. Arrange you
