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1、 初级语法 Basic Grammar词类 Parts of Speech1. 词类（Parts of Speech）英语可以分为以下10种词类（加粗的是词典中用的符号，后面括号 中的词是英语全名）1.名词（即人或事物的名称）- n. ( noun ) boy, dancer, flower, beauty, country 2.冠词（用在名词前，帮助说明其意义）- art. ( article ) a, an, the3.动词（表示动作或状态）- v. ( verb ) go, do, see, work, feel 4.形容词（表示人或事物的特征）ad( adjective ) good,
2、 easy, new, beautiful 5.副词（表示动作特征或性状特征）- adv. ( adverb ) beautifully, carefully, hard, up, very 6.代词（代替名词或数词）- pron. ( pronoun ) we, these, some, everybody, what 7.数词（表示数目或顺序）- num. ( numeral ) :nine, fifty, third, twentieth 8介词（用在名词、代词等前面，说明与别的词之间关系）- prep. ( preposition ) in, on, from, through, fo
3、r 9连词（连接词与词或句与句）- conj. ( conjunction )and, or, if, when, although 10感叹词（表示说话时的感情或口气）- int. ( interjection ) ah, well, wow, why 不定式前的to为小品词（particles）。yes和no 有人称为肯定词和否定词，有的词典称之为副词。练习（Exercise）Tell the part of Speech of the following words （用简写符号标出下面各词词类）: 例：school ( n. ) 1. difficulty ( ) 2. have (
4、) 3. quietly ( ) 4. who ( ) 5. big ( ) 6. forty ( ) 7. take ( ) 8. careful ( ) 9. into ( ) 10. carelessness ( )答案： 1. n 2. v 3. adv 4. pron 5. adj 6. num 7. v 8. adj 9. prep 10. n2. 一个词可以分为不同的词类有些词仅属于一个词类，如quickly为副词，come为动词，beautiful 为 形容词。但绝大多数词都可以属于两种或多种词类，例如：Lets go咱们走吧。（go 用作动词） Id like to have
5、 a go at it我想试一试。（go用作名词） I havent seen him since 1998. 我1998 年以后就没见到他了。（since 作介词） We met in 1980. I have never heard from him since 1980. 我们1980 年见面以后，我再也没有接到他的音信了。 （since 作副词） 因此在学一个词时，先要知道它属于哪个词类，然后再弄清它是否还 可用作其他词类。英语中的一个词，常可用作另一词类，如：Its a bookshop.这是一家书店。where do you shop for clothes?你在哪里买衣裳？Its
6、 a good buy这是一样便宜货。where did you buy it?你是在哪里买的？Its a small park.这是一座小公园。 Let me see if I have any smalls.我看看有没有小号的。这种现象叫作词类的转换（conversion ）。 练习（Exercise）Look up the words in a dictionary and see what part of speech they can be used in. （在字典中查下面的词，看能用作什么词类）:1. warm. 2. silence. 3. until. 4. in 5. up
7、 6. before 7. part 8. more 3. 词类的转换一个词类常可能转换为另一词类：1. 某些动词可以转换为名词：Try the shirt on. 穿上这件衬衫试试（v. ) Let me have a try我来试一试。（n. )Look at me. 瞧着我。（v. ) Let me have a look我来瞧瞧。（n. ) 2. 某些名词也可转换为动词:Open your books.打开你的书。（n. ) Have you booked your ticket?你订票了吗？( v. )Have a seat.请坐。（n. ) The hall seats 500 (
8、 people ).大厅可以坐500 人。（v. ) 3. 某些形容词可以转换为动词：You are too slow.你太慢了。（adj. ) The train has slowed down.火车慢下来了。（v. )Its warm in spring.春天天气暖和。（adj. ) They warmed their hands over the fire.他们在炉火上烤手。(v. )4. 也有些形容词可转换为名词：He is my dear friend.他是我亲密的朋友。（adj. ) Shes a dear.她是一个招人喜欢的人。（n. ) Prices here are very
9、 low.这里的物价很低。（adj. ) Profits have reached a new low.利润降到了最低点。（n. ) 5. 有些词用作其他词类时重音会发生变化：Everybody present prezn t welcome the decision. 所有在场的人都欢迎这个决定。The National Theatre is presenting prizenti a new production of Hamlet.国家剧场正在上演新的哈姆雷特。练习（Exercise）Tell the part of speech of the boldfaced words. （说明粗
10、体词的词类）1. Can you swim?你能游泳吗？( ) We stopped there for a swim. 我们在那里停下来游了一会儿泳。（ ) 2. What did he say？他说什么了？( )We have no say in this matter.这事我们没有发言权。 ( ) 3. Put it in your pocket. 把它放在你口袋里。（ ) He pocketed the money.他把钱放进了自己的腰包。（ ) 答案：1. v, n 2. v, n 3. n, v 4. 派生（Derivation）许多词通过加词头（或称前缀，prefixes ）或词
11、尾（或称后缀 suffixes ）来构成另一词类，称为派生。通过加词头或词尾构成的词称 为派生词（derivatives ）。英语的词尾主要有下面这些：1. 构成名词的词尾（括号中词为例词）:-er ( singer ) -or ( sailor ) -ist ( artist ）-ee ( employee ) -es （hostess ）-ian ( musician ）-ese ( Japanese ）-ant ( contestant )-ism ( heroism ）-ess ( happiness ）-（a ) tion ( examination ）ment ( movement
12、 ) -on ( decision ）-ing ( wedding ）-ship ( friendship ）-hood ( childhood )-age ( shortage ）-ure ( failure ）-dom ( freedom ）-ty ( cruelty )-ity ( reality ）-y ( discovery ）-th ( warmth ）-al ( arrival ) -ance ( reliance ）-nce ( difference ）-ful( mouthful ）-y ( slavery )-eer ( engineer ) 2.构成形容词的词尾:-ful
13、 ( useful ）-less ( homeless ）-ish ( childish )- ive ( active ) -ous（famous ）-able ( eatable ）-ible ( responsible ) ic ( poetic )-ant ( pleasant ）-ly ( lively ）-al ( cultural ）-y（rainy ) -ent ( dependent ）-ary ( imaginary ）-some ( tiresome ）-like ( childlike )-en ( wooden ）-ate ( fortunate ）-an ( Ind
14、ian ）- ed ( talented ) 3.其他词尾:- ize ( modernize ）-en ( widen ）-ify ( simplify ) ate ( originate ) -ly ( slowly ）-ward ( backward ）-wise ( likewise ) -teen ( fourteen ）-ty ( forty ）-th ( ninth ) 英语的词头有两类：1.构成反义词的词头：un- （un happy ) dis- ( disagree ) in- （informal ) im- （ impolite ) ir-（irregular ) il-
15、 （illegal ) non- （non-conductor ) de-（ defrost ) 2.有特定的意思的词头，如：re- （retell ) mis- ( misspell ) co- ( co-exist ) anti-（anti-tank ) pro- ( pro- French ) counter-（counteract ) over-（overdo ) under-（under-paid ) ex- ( ex- wife ) pre（predict ) post- ( post-war ) fore-（foresee ) self- ( self- made ) inter
16、-（interact ) tele-（telephone ) super-（superman ) micro - （microwave ) semi-（semi-circle ) mini-（minibus ) vice-（ vice-chairman ) 练习（Exercise）Underline the suffixes and tell the parts of speech the words belong to. （在词尾下划线，并说明这些词属于哪个词类）: 1. fearless ( ) 2. marriage ( ) 3. activity ( ) 4. jewelry ( ) 5. normalize ( ) 6. golden ( ) 7. s
