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1、Back动名词动名词由动词+ing构成，具有动词和名词的 性质；在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、 表语和定语。Back动名词1. 作主语 Seeing is believing. It is no use arguing with him.动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词做 主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为；不定 式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火） To play with fire will be dangerous. （指一具体动作）注意：在It is no use/good, not any use/goo
2、d, useless等后必须用动名词。动名词2. 作表语 His job is teaching.3. 作定语 He has a reading room.4. 作宾语 He is fond of playing football. I like swimming.动名词4. 作宾语admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, face, feel, like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, miss mention, mind, pra
3、ctise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, cant help, cant stand（无法忍受） 等动词后可以用动名词作宾语，但不能用不 定式。She cant help laughing.Back动名词4. 作宾语forget, go on, like, mean, regret, remember stop, try等动词可带动名词或不定式作宾语， 但意义上有区别。I remember doing the exercise. I must remember to do it. Stop speaking. He stopped to talk.Back动
4、名词4. 作宾语在allow, advise, forbid, permit等动词后直接 跟动词作宾语时，要用动名词形式，如果后 面有名词或代词作宾语，然后再跟动词作宾 语补足语时，其宾补用带to的不定式。We dont allow smoking here. We dont allow students to smoke.Back动名词4. 作宾语动词need, require, want作“需要”解，其后 跟动词作宾语时，必须用动名词或不定式的 被动式。这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意 义。The window needs cleaning. The window needs to be c
5、leaned.Back动名词4. 作宾语短语devote to, look forward to, stick to, be used to, object to, thank you for, excuse me for, be kept/busy, be worth, have difficulty/ trouble/problem (in), have a good/wonderful/ hard time (in), theres no use/good/need/, feel /look/seem/like, get down to等动词其后必须 用动名词的形式。I look for
6、ward to hearing from you soon.Back动名词4. 作宾语在love, hate, prefer等动词后用动名词或不 定式无多大区别。但说话人有所指的时候， 通常用不定式。start, begin, continue在书面语中多接动名词, 在口语中多接不定式。在should/would like/love后需用不定式。动名词动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾 格，名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。在句子 开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词。 His coming made me very happy. Marys crying annoyed him.
7、BackBack现 在 分 词Back分词现在分词现在分词有一般式和完成式。一般式表示和 谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为；完成 式（having+过去分词）表示在谓语动词所表示 的动作之前发生的动作。Being a student, he was interested in books. Having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the way very well.Back分词现在分词现在分词有主动语态和被动语态，当句子 的主语是分词动作的承受者时，分词用被动 语态，如果要强调分词的动作先于谓语动词， 就用分词完成式的被动
8、形式。The question being discussed is important. Having been criticized by the teacher. Li Ming gave up smoking.Back分词过去分词过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作， 本身有被动的含义，故只有一般式，没有完成 式。The teacher stood there surrounded by the students.Back分词表示人的心理感受的动词，如please, delight, satisfy, inspire, encourage, excite, interest, move
9、, touch, frighten, surprise, astonish, puzzle, tire disappoint, discourage, trouble, worry等词，一 般说来，-ing形式具有使动意义，表示“使人感 到/觉是”，而-ed形式表示某人“因 觉得”。但要注意当修饰人的表情、眼神、 眼泪、声音时，却要用-ed形式。 Hearing the encouraging news, the students gave out excited shouts.Back独立主格结构独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，所以在语法 上不是句子。此结构通常在句中起方式、时间、 条件等状语或
10、状语从句的作用。使用独立主格 结构时，注意要用逗号与句子的主体部分分隔 开来。Back独立主格结构1. 名词或代词+分词（doing或done）The guests having left, he began to take a short rest. All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.2. 名词或代词+不定式The exam to be held tomorrow, I couldnt go to the cinema tonight.Back独立主格结构3. 名词或代词+形容词或副词He ente
11、red the room, his nose red with cold. All the guests (being) here, she felt happy. It being Sunday, I didnt go to school.4. 名词或代词+ 名词He fought the robber, a stick his only weapon.注意：逻辑主语与后面所跟名词在逻辑上也有主谓关系，表示伴随或进一步补充说明。Back独立主格结构5. 名词或代词+介词短语1）有his, her, my, their, a, an, the等词分别修饰前后两个名词或名词本身为复数，有时有wi
12、th引导。The children came running towards us, (with) flowers in their hands.2）名词或代词和介词后面的名词没有任何冠词或所有格修饰，不用with引导。 Last night I followed him here, and climbed in, sword in hand.Back独立主格结构6. 介词+复合宾语，即介词+宾语+宾补介词多为with，有时可用without, like等。 She had to walk home with her bike stolen. He lay in bed with his head covered.7. there表示存在时，也可构成独立主格结构 There being no buses, they walked to the theatre.注意：being不能省略。
