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1、 CONTENTS1.The Field Life Cycle11.1. Gaining Access Phase1 1.2. Exploration Phase2 1.3. Appraisal Phase3 1.4. Development Planning4 1.5. Production Phase5 1.6. Decommissioning62.Petroleum Agreements and Bidding92.1. The Invitation to Bid9 2.2. Motivations and Form of Bid12 2.3. Block Award13 2.4. Fi
2、scal System14 2.5. Farm-in and Farm-out14 2.6. Unitisation and Equity Determination163.Exploration193.1. Hydrocarbon Accumulations19 3.2. Exploration Methods and Techniques244.Drilling Engineering474.1. Well Planning47 4.2. Rig Types and Rig Selection48 4.3. Drilling Systems and Equipment52 4.4. Sit
3、e Preparation60 4.5. Drilling Techniques62 4.6. Casing and Cementing72 4.7. Drilling Problems76 4.8. Costs and Contracts79v5.Safety and the Environment835.1. Safety Culture83 5.2. Safety Management Systems86 5.3. Environment88 5.4. Current Environmental Concerns916.Reservoir Description956.1. Reserv
4、oir Geology95 6.2. Reservoir Fluids108 6.3. Data Gathering141 6.4. Data Interpretation1527.Volumetric Estimation1737.1. Deterministic Methods173 7.2. Expressing Uncertainty1778.Field Appraisal1918.1. The Role of Appraisal in the Field Life Cycle191 8.2. Identifying and Quantifying Sources of Uncerta
5、inty192 8.3. Appraisal Tools194 8.4. Expressing Reduction of Uncertainty1958.5. Cost-Benefit Calculations for Appraisal196 8.6. Practical Aspects of Appraisal1999.Reservoir Dynamic Behaviour2019.1. The Driving Force for Production201 9.2. Reservoir Drive Mechanisms203 9.3. Gas Reservoirs210 9.4. Flu
6、id Displacement in the Reservoir217 9.5. Reservoir Simulation222 9.6. Estimating the Recovery Factor2239.7. Estimating the Production Profile224 9.8. Enhanced Oil Recovery22610. Well Dynamic Behaviour22910.1. Estimating the Number of Development Wells229 10.2. Fluid Flow Near the Wellbore231 10.3. H
7、orizontal Wells234 10.4. Production Testing and Bottom Hole Pressure Testing237 10.5. Tubing Performance241 10.6. Well Completions244Contentsvi10.7. Completion Technology and Intelligent Wells24910.8. Artificial Lift254 10.9. Subsea vs. Platform Trees26011. Surface Facilities26511.1. Oil and Gas Pro
8、cessing266 11.2. Facilities29112. Production Operations and Maintenance31112.1. Operating and Maintenance Objectives312 12.2. Production Operations Input to the FDP312 12.3. Maintenance Engineering Input to the FDP31913. Project and Contract Management32513.1. Phasing and Organisation325 13.2. Plann
9、ing and Control329 13.3. Cost Estimation and Budgets332 13.4. Reasons for Contracting334 13.5. Types of Contract33514. Petroleum Economics33714.1. Basic Principles of Development Economics33714.2. Constructing a Project Cashflow33914.3. Calculating a Discounted Cashflow351 14.4. Economic Indicators3
10、56 14.5. Project Screening and Ranking357 14.6. Sensitivity Analysis35914.7. Incorporating Inflation360 14.8. Exploration Economics36215. Risk Analysis36515.1. Risk Definition and Unit of Measure365 15.2. Summary of Risk Analysis Techniques in Exploration and Appraisal366 15.3. Risk Analysis for Maj
11、or Capital Investments in Projects369 15.4. Managing Commercial Risk38316. Managing the Producing Field38516.1. Managing the Subsurface386 16.2. Managing the Surface Facilities394 16.3. Managing the External Factors399 16.4. Managing the Internal Factors401Contentsvii17.Managing Decline40517.1. Infi
12、ll Drilling405 17.2. Workover Activity407 17.3. Enhanced Oil Recovery410 17.4. Production De-Bottlenecking412 17.5. Incremental Development41518. Decommissioning41918.1. Legislation419 18.2. Economic Lifetime420 18.3. Decommissioning Funding421 18.4. Decommissioning Methods422References and Bibliogr
13、aphy427Terms and Abbreviations429Subject Index433ContentsviiiC H A P T E R 1The Field Life CycleIntroduction and Commercial Application: This section provides an overview of theactivities carried out at the various stages of field development. Each activity is driven by a business need related to th
14、at particular phase. The later sections of this book willfocus in more detail on individual elements of the field life cycle (Figure 1.1).1.1. Gaining Access PhaseThe first step an oil company will undertake in hydrocarbon exploration and production is to decide what regions of the world are of inte
15、rest. This will involve evaluating the technical, political, economic, social and environmental aspects of regions under consideration. Technical aspects will include the potential size of hydrocarbons to be found and produced in the region, which will involve scouting studies using publicly availab
16、le information or commissioning regional reviews, and a consideration of the technical challenges facing exploration and production, for example in very deep offshore waters. Political and economic considerations include political regime and Govern- ment stability, the potential for nationalisation of the oil and gas industry, currentembargoes, fiscal stability and levels of taxation, constraints on repatriation ofprofits, personnel security, local costs, inflation and exchange rate forecasts. S
