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1、Third Edition March/2012Table of Contents1 Executive Summary 12 Approach 22.1 Materials 22.2 Processes 22.3 Products 23 Cost reduction 3 4 Cost elements and Cost of Ownership considerations 35 Results 2011 55.1 Materials 55.1.1 Crystallization and Wafering 5 5.1.2 Cell processing 55.1.3 Module 75.2
2、Processes 8 5.2.1 Manufacturing 9 5.2.2 Technology 12 5.3 Products 15 6 Outlook 177 Acknowledgement 18Supported by 1 Executive SummaryThe International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic (ITRPV) initiated by the Crystalline Silicon Technology and Manufacturing (CTM) Group aims to inform suppliers a
3、nd customers about expected technology trends in the field of crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaic and sets a basis to intensify the dialog on required improvements and standards. Recommending detailed technical solutions to identified improvement areas is not the objective of the roadmap. The ob
4、jective is addressing them to the PV community and motivating comprehensive answers. The edition of the ITRPV was jointly prepared by leading European and non-European c-Si solar cell manufacturers, module manufacturers, and wafer suppliers. Feedback and input from various institutes, equipment supp
5、liers and providers of production materials was also included. This publication covers the PV value chain from crystallization, wafering and cell manufacturing downstream to module manufacturing with more parameters compared to earlier editions as well as discussions about emerging trends in the PV
6、industry. As visible in the historical learning curve the specific cost per Watt peak (WP) of PV modules will continue to decrease. This corresponds to a significant cost reduction per module. To reach this purpose, current mainstream technology will be optimized, new production technologies will be
7、 rolled out, and not yet known techniques have to be implemented in production around 2015. Detailed requirements for manufacturers along the c-Si value chain such as more effective use of material, more productive manufacturing equipment and more advanced processes are given in key parameters. Prog
8、ress in one of these fields not only affects single production steps but may influence the whole value chain. One example is the crystallization process. Improvements in the Si-cast technology enable the crystallization of ingots containing large fractions of mono-crystalline domains, we call it mon
9、o-like or quasi-mono material. This creates opportunities for higher cell efficiencies however, in addition to the trends to thinner wafers the wafer sawing method, the handling, the cell process and the interconnect technologies have to be developed further. The increased output power of the module
10、s implies adoptions at module and system level due to the increased current and voltage range. This roadmap activity will be continued in cooperation with SEMI PV Group and updated information will be published each year in spring to ensure good communication between manufacturers and suppliers thro
11、ughout the value chain. More information is available on .International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaics (ITRPV) Results 20112 Approach It has been essential to gather data for the roadmap. The participating companies active along the value chain from crystallization to the building of modules j
12、ointly agreed on the parameters to be reported in the roadmap publication. Data preparation is done anonymously by summarizing the input of each company. The expected trends up to the year 2020 are shown in graphs and for some parameters color marking is used to indicate the maturity of the technolo
13、gy today (see Table 1). All parameters are median values and answers are given based on data from the latest generation production line. The topics are split into three areas: materials, processes and products. Within these groups we will discuss details for crystallization, wafer, cell and module r
14、espectively. Table 1: Color marking. 2.1 Materials Requirements and trends concerning raw materials and consumables used within the value chain are described in this section. A replacement of some materials will be necessary to secure availability, avoid environmental risks, reduce costs and increas
15、e efficiency. Price development plays a major role in making PV generated electricity competitive with other renewable sources of energy and is discussed for selected topics. 2.2 Processes To reduce production costs, new technologies, materials and highly productive equipment including Statistical P
16、rocess Control (SPC) are needed. By providing information on important key figures of the production, as well as details about the process to increase the cell efficiency and finally the power output of the modules, the roadmap will be the guideline to support these developments. In the “Processes” chapter we identify manufacturing and technology topics for each section of the value chain. Manufacturing focuses on increas
