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1、CHAPTER 1 AUTOMOTIVE BASICS 1.1 Principal Components Todays average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can grouped into four major categories: engine, body, chassis and electrical equipment. 1.2 Engine The engine acts as the power unit. The
2、internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine :gasoline(also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel(also called a compression-ignition engine).Both engines are called heat engines; the burning
3、fuel 1generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission. 1.3 Body An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. It provides a protective covering f
4、or the engine, passengers, and cargo. The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle. 1.4 Chassis The chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the major operating part of a vehicle. The chassi
5、s includes the transmission, suspension, steering, and brake systems. Transmission systems conveys the drive to the wheels. The main components are clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, final drive, and differential. Suspension absorbs the road shocks. Steering controls the direction of the movement. Brake s
6、lows down the vehicle. 1.5 Electrical Equipment The electrical system supplies electricity for the ignition, horn, lights, heater, and starter. The electricity level is maintained by a charging circuit. This circuit consists of the battery, alternator (or generator). The battery stores electricity.
7、The alternator changes the engines mechanical energy into electrical energy and recharges the battery. New Words Principal component 主要部件 category 种类，类型 body 车身 chassis 底盘 layout 布置 power unit 动力装置 internal combustion engine 内燃机 cylinder 汽缸 gasoline 汽油 spark 火花 ignition 点燃，点火 diesel 柴油机 compression
8、压缩 2shaft 轴 transmission 传动系 sheet metal 金属板 shell 外壳 hood （发动机）罩 trunk deck 行李舱盖 cargo 货物 styling 样式 assembly 总成，装配 suspension 悬挂，悬置 shock 冲击 steering 转向，操纵 brake 刹车，制动器 clutch 离合器 gearbox 变速器 driveshaft 传动轴 final drive 主减速器，后桥 differential 差速器 slow down （使）慢下来，减速 horn 喇叭 starter 起动机 charge 充电 alte
9、rnator 交流发电机 Review Questions 1. List the main parts of an automobile? 2. What are the common types of a vehicle according to body styling? 3. Which systems does a chassis include and what are the main functions of the chassis? 4. Why are suspension systems used on vehicles? CHAPTER2 INTERNAL COMBUS
10、TION ENGINE 2.1 principle of operation 2.1.1 Engine and power Engine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is calle
11、d internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine. Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the ch
12、amber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power. 2.1.2 Engine Terms Linking the pist
13、on by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke “uses up” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas 3and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an
14、inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are : TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft. BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the posi
15、tion of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft. Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft. Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder. Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC. Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all
16、 the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm. Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC. Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)(clearance vol) Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank. Four-stroke : a power stroke every other revolution of the crank. 2.1
