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1、湘潭大学硕士学位论文预备犯刑事责任论姓名:袁公林申请学位级别:硕士专业:刑法学指导教师:杨凯20060508I摘 要 预备犯,是指已经实施了犯罪的预备行为但由于行为人意志以外的原因,未能着手实行犯罪的犯罪形态。既然是一种犯罪,预备犯当然要负刑事责任。预备犯负刑事责任的根据是多层次的:其哲学根据是行为人在实施犯罪预备行为时所具有的相对意志自由;其实质根据是预备犯具有严重的社会危害性;其法律根据是刑法规定的预备犯的犯罪构成;其事实根据是行为人实施了符合预备犯犯罪构成的实际行为。 预备犯因其对国家和社会的利益构成了严重的威胁而应受刑罚处罚,但这并不表明所有犯罪的预备行为都应受惩罚,因为不是所有犯罪的
2、预备行为都能构成预备犯。预备犯并不存在于所有的犯罪中,它只存在于直接故意犯罪中,而且也不是所有直接故意犯罪中都存在预备犯。此外,预备犯之应然责任范围受刑法谦抑精神的制约。 预备犯应当受到刑罚惩罚,但如何处罚预备犯,世界各国刑法规定并不一致。从古至今,预备犯之刑事责任原则大体上经历了一个:处罚?不处罚?以不处罚为原则、以处罚为例外的变化过程,中外刑法对预备犯的处罚原则在立法上表现为三种:同等原则、必减原则和得减原则。比较而言,必减原则体现了罪刑均衡的刑法基本原则。 就我国预备犯处罚之立法而言,立法模式比较粗糙,它使得我国刑法对预备犯的处罚范围之规定欠明确化,而得减的处罚原则又没有真正反映出预备犯
3、的特征,违背了罪刑均衡原则。当然,造成这种缺陷有其深层次的原因。鉴于此,有必要对我国预备犯处罚的立法予以完善,采取总则概括规定与分则具体规定相结合的方式:在总则中规定预备犯的特征及其处罚的原则,并载明处罚预备犯以分则条文中有明确规定为限, 再在刑法分则中对某些重罪规定其预备犯并予以处罚。 关键词:预备犯;预备行为;刑事责任 IIABSTRACT Preparation for crime is the patterns of uncompleted offences, which the behavior person had been put into the criminal prepar
4、ation but could not make the performance of offense with his external cause. As a crime, the preparation of crime must bear the criminal liability. There are many levels of basis that make the behavior person bear the criminal liability. Its philosophy basis is the behavior person at put Preparation
5、 for crime into practice has an opposite will for having freedom; Its quality basis of fact is Preparation for crime has danger to the society seriously; Its factual legal basis is the penal code that provides rule of Preparation for crimes composition of crime; Its fact basis is the actual behavior
6、 that the behavior person had put match up Preparation for crimes composition of crime. Preparation for crime must bear the penalty punishment because of its nation and social benefits. Composing seriously of threat. But it doesnt express that all crimes preparing action of crime should be crime, an
7、d Preparation for crime also doesnt exist in all crimes. It exists only in commit crime directly and intentionally, and also Its not all to commit crime directly and intentionally exsits Preparation for crime. Preparation for crime should be punished, but how to punish Preparation for crime, the pen
8、al codes provision in-conformity from all over the world. From the thou up now, Preparation for crimes criminal liability make to experience substantially: punishment regard doing not punish as the principle and regard punishing as the exceptional variety process. The Chinese and Foreign penal code
9、make to the punishment principle to Preparation for crime to express on the lawmaking for three kinds of: equal principle, necessary reducing principle, have to reduce principle, Comparatively, necessary reducing principle shows the principle of the proportion between crime and punishments of the ba
10、sic premises of criminal law. As regard to our countrys Preparation for crimes in lawmaking, Its expression is more roughly: the scope of Preparations for crime in the provision is unclear; the principle of reduction does not express Preparation for crimes trait, and violate the principle of the pro
11、portion between crime and punishments. Certainly, there are many other deeper reasons to these deficiencies. Owing to this, It is necessity to improve Preparation for crimes lawmaking: Wed better adopt the general provisions combining with the specific provisions. rule the principle between IIIpreli
12、minary characteristic and its punishment in the general provisions, and state clearly that the punishment to Preparation for crime, and according to the specific provisions to punish Preparation for crime; then also rule Preparation for crime some major offences should be punished if the specific pr
13、ovisions. Key Words: preparation for crime; preparation act; criminal liability湘潭大学湘潭大学 学位论文原创性声明学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明:所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外,本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 作者签名: 日期: 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留
14、、使用学位论文的规定,同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权湘潭大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 涉密论文按学校规定处理。 作者签名: 日期: 年 月 日 导师签名: 日期: 年 月 日 1引 言 预备犯,按照通说观点,是指是指已经实施了犯罪的预备行为,但由于行为人意志以外的原因,未能着手实行犯罪的犯罪形态。1 由于预备犯只存在于直接故意犯罪中,加之,加之司法实践中基于犯罪意思的证明较困难和刑事政策的考虑,对预备犯的处罚都属例外,以致我国无论是在刑法理论研究中
15、还是司法实践中,对预备犯都没有予以足够地关注和重视,关于预备犯的刑法理论、刑事司法与刑事立法都存在有问题而事实上,因此无论是为了繁荣刑法理论,还是为了强化刑事司法实务,抑或是为了完善刑事立法,预备犯都有进一步探讨的必要。 就预备犯的理论研究而言,我国刑法学界对预备犯的研究,由于多种原因,在建国初的 30 多年里,基本上沿袭了前苏联的有关理论而没有深入展开,专门性的研究文章少见,著作、教材中也仅仅是蜻蜓点水似地简单介绍。1980 年代中期之后,这种情况才有所改变,一些学者发表和出版了一部分对预备犯进行较为深入研究的有影响的论文或著作。在这些作品中,首推马克昌教授的论预备犯和预备犯比较研究 ,这两
16、篇文章在国内外学术界享有较高学术地位,也奠定了我国预备犯研究的理论基础。其次,出现了两篇专门研究预备犯的博士论文,即武汉大学肖介清博士的 预备犯研究 和吉林大学邢志人博士的 犯罪预备研究 ,此外。还有十余篇专门讨论预备犯的学术论文。当然,其他学者如赵秉志( 犯罪未遂的理论与实践1987) 、叶高峰( 故意犯罪过程中的犯罪形态论1989) 、徐逸仁( 故意犯罪阶段形态论1992) 、姜伟( 犯罪形态通论1994) 、张明楷( 未遂犯论1997)都在其相关的著作中论述到预备犯的问题,但是由于受其各自论述的内容和视角等约束,有关预备犯理论研究的广度和深度尚需要充实。 就预备犯之立法而言,世界各国刑法对此规定大致表现为以下三种:其一是刑法对此一律不作评价。如 1810 年法国刑法典,1968 年意大利刑法典;其二是原则上对预备犯均予处罚,如 1960 年苏俄刑法典;其三是以不处罚为原则、以处罚为