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1、玻 璃 制 备 实 验 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.参考书目无机非金属材料实验伍洪标化学工业出版社，2002年无机非金属材料实验教程 葛山/尹玉成冶金工业出版社，200
2、8年Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.在科研和生产中，往往需要设计、研究或制造玻璃的新品种，或者对传统玻璃生产工艺进行某种改革。在这些情况下，为了寻找合理的玻璃成份、了解玻璃
3、熔制过程中各种因素对玻璃产量和质量的影响、摸索合理的熔制工艺制度、提出各种数据以指导生产实践等，一般都要先在实验室设计玻璃成分，计算配料单，用小坩埚做小型熔制实验，制取玻璃样品，再对样品进行各种性能测定，判断各种性能指标是否达到预期的要求。如此反复进行，直至找到玻璃的最佳配方，满足各 种性能要求为止。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profi
4、le 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.实 验 目 的在实验室条件下进行玻璃成分的设计、原料的选择、配料计算、配合料的制备、用小型坩埚进行玻璃的熔制、玻璃试样的成形等，完成一整套玻璃材料制备过程的基本训练；Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5
5、 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.了解熔制玻璃的设备及其测试仪器，掌握 其使用方法；观察熔制温度、保温时间和助熔剂含量对熔化过程的影响；根据实验结果分析玻璃成分、熔制制度是否合理 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET
6、3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.实 验 原 理玻璃的熔制过程是一个相当复杂的过程，它包括一系列物理的、化学的、物理化学的现 象和反应。物理过程：指配合料加热时水分的排除，某些组分的挥发，多晶转变以及单组分的熔 化过程。化学过程：指各种盐类被加热后结晶水的排除，盐类的分解，各组分间的互相反应以 及硅酸盐的形成等过程。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides
7、for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.物理化学过程：包括物料的固相反应，共熔体的产生，各组分生成物的互熔，玻璃液与炉气之间、玻璃液与耐火材料之间的相互作用等过程。 由于有了这些反应和现象，由各种原料通过机械混合而成的配合料才能变成复杂的、具有一定物理化学性质的熔融玻璃液。Evaluation on
8、ly.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.这些反应和现象在熔制过程中常常不是严格按照某些预定的顺序进行的，而是彼此 之间有着相互密切的关系。例如，在硅酸 盐形成阶段中伴随着玻璃形成过程，在澄 清阶段中同样包含
9、有玻璃液的均化。为便 于学习和研究，常可根据熔制过程中的不 同实质而分为硅酸盐的形成、玻璃的形成 、玻璃液的澄清、玻璃液的均化、玻璃液 的冷却五个阶段 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pt
10、y Ltd.Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.硅酸盐形成 主要的固相反应结束 ，配合料变成由硅酸 盐和二氧化硅组成的 不透明烧结物。800 900Evaluation onl
11、y.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.玻璃的形成 硅酸盐烧结物和二氧化 硅熔融、溶解、扩散， 使不透明的半熔融烧结 物变为透明的玻璃液， 不再含有未反应的配合 料颗粒。1200 1400Evaluation
12、 only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.澄清与均化排除可见气泡 12001400玻璃液粘度10PaS消除条纹和其他不均体，使玻璃各部分在化 学组成上达到预期的均 匀一致 Evaluation only
13、.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.玻璃液的冷却 让玻璃液的粘度增高至成形所需的范围。通常温度降低200300。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with
14、Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.纵观玻璃熔制的全过程，就是把合格的配合料加热熔化使之成为合乎成型要求的玻璃液。其实质就是把配合料熔制成玻璃液，把不均质的玻璃液进一步改善成均质的玻璃液，并使之冷却到成型所需要的粘度。因此，也可把玻璃熔制的全过程划分为两个阶段，即配合
15、料的熔融阶级和玻璃液 的精练阶段 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.实 验 器 材高温电炉一台及其附属设备(调压器一台，电流表一只，电压表一只，测温铂铑-铂热电偶一只，电位差
16、计一台)。如图所示。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.刚玉坩埚(100m1或
