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1、第三章 价值观、态度和行为 一 价值观的内涵1、定义 一个人对周围的客观事物(包括人、事、物)的意 义、重要性的总评价和总看法,是一个人基本的信念和 判断。 2、属性内容属性强度属性 第一节 价值观与行为Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Cop
2、yright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.3、价值观的来源遗传 民族文化父母行为和早年教育 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.二、价值观的分类 1、斯普
3、朗格尔的价值观分类理论型宗教型社会型政治型审美型经济型Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.2、罗奇克的终极价值观和工具价值观终终极价值观值观 (18类类)工具价值观值观 (18
4、类类) 舒适的生活(富足的生活) 振奋奋的生活(刺激积积极的生活 ) 成就感(持续续的贡贡献) 和平的世界(没有冲突和战战争) 家庭安全(照顾顾自己所爱爱的人 ) 幸福(满满足) 自尊(自重) 快乐乐(快乐闲乐闲 暇的生活) 平等(兄弟情谊谊,机会均等) 自由(独立、自主选择选择 )雄心勃勃(辛勤工作奋发奋发 向上 )心胸开阔阔(开放) 能干(有能力、有效率) 欢乐欢乐 (轻轻松愉快) 清洁洁(卫卫生、整洁洁) 勇敢(坚坚持自己的信仰) 负责负责 (可靠的) 独立(自力更生、自给给自足) 宽宽容(谅谅解他人) 诚实诚实Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Creat
5、ed with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.p三、价值观对管理的意义1. 招聘以价值观把关。2. 制定企业价值观时,要考虑各种群体的 价值观。3. 根据客观环境的变化,积极树立和培育 新的价值观。Evaluation only.Evaluation only.
6、 Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.新教伦理: 努力工作、保守、对组织忠诚。存在主义:重视生活质量、不从众、寻求自主、对自己忠诚。实用主义:成功、成就、雄心勃勃、努力工作、对事业忠诚。X代 :灵活、对工作满意、有闲暇时间、对关系忠诚。不同时
7、代美国劳动力的主流价值观Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.p第二节 态度和行为一、态度的内涵1、态度的概念 态度是个体对人或事的一种较为持久而又一致的内在心理和行为倾向。Ev
8、aluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.2、态度的结构认知情感行为倾向个体对态度对象的喜爱或 厌恶的情感体验。个体对态度对象的认 识、理解和评价。个体对态度对象的行为倾 向,是行 为的
9、准备状态。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.3、组织行为学所关心的态度类型工作满意度指个体对他所从事的工作的一般态度。工作参与测量的是一个人在心理上对他的工作的认同程 度,认
10、为他的绩效水平对自我价值的重要程度。员工对于特定组织及其目标的认同,并且希望维持组织成 员身份的一种状态。工作满意度 工作参与 组织承诺 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.二
11、、态度的改变1、态度改变的内容态度的改变包括两个方面的内容:强度的改变和方向的改变。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.p2、态度改变的理论(1)费斯廷格的认知失调理论认知失调
12、4 个体感受到的两个或多个态度之间或行为与态度之间的不和谐。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.解决认知失调的方法 当个体产生认知失调时,减轻或解决失调状态 的办法主要有两个:
13、4 改变某一认知元素:使其与其它元素间的不协 调关系趋于协调。 4增增加新的认知元素:寻找其他因素来平衡不协 调的因素。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.影响态度改变的因素v
14、导致不协调因素的重要性;v不协调因素的可控性;v不协调可能带来的后果(奖酬)Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.(2)凯尔曼的态度变化阶段理论服从阶段同化阶段内化阶段Evalu
15、ation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.(3)平衡理论心理学家海德(FHeider)认为,人类普遍的有一种平衡、和谐的需要。平衡理论涉及到一个认知主体(P)与两个态度对象(O和X)之间的三角
16、关系。两个态度对象构成一个单元,当认知主体对一个单元的两个对象看法一致时,其认知体系呈平衡状态,否则就产生不平衡状态。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.POX间的关系+X P O+X +P O+X+ P O X +P OX+ +P OX P