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1、第十二章 水电厂主要水工建筑物和动力设备Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.第一节 水电厂主要水工建筑物一、拦水建筑物坝坝是截断河流、集中落差和水量、形成水库的大型水工建筑 。
2、坝是水利枢纽的工程主体，常见的坝型有土坝、混凝土重 力坝、拱坝和支墩坝。 1、土坝：结构简单、地质要求较低、工作可靠、寿命较长2、混凝土重力坝： 用混凝土和浆砌石修筑的大体积挡水建 筑物，它主要靠自重作用维持坝体的稳定，承受迎水面的水 平推力和坝体自重力。 3、拱坝和支墩坝： 拱坝向迎水画呈拱形，支墩坝通常由多 幅迎水斜面或小型拱画组成。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NE
3、T 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.混凝土重力坝土坝Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty L
4、td.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.拱坝Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.支墩坝Evaluation only.Evaluation
5、only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.二、引水建筑物引水口和引水渠道1、引水口的布置（1）、引水口要求有足够的进水能力，即具有平顺的入口轮廓、较大的断面尺寸(如隧洞的入口段，开挖成喇叭口状)；（2）、要保证引水水质符合要求(如在进水
6、口设置拦污栅、拦沙和冲沙设施)；（3）、要设置必要的闸门(检修闸门、事故快速关断闸门)，为引水渠道的检修或事故性快速截流，提供控制引流量的手段 。大型水电厂采用水压引水方式，小型水电厂无压引水方式。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyri
7、ght 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.2、引水渠道及其附属水工建筑物（1）无压引水渠道、压力前池和日调节池Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.（2）有压引水
8、渠道和调压室采用有压引水方式的水电厂，其有压引水隧洞中的水流充满 整个过水断面，并承受较大的内水压力。有压隧洞的内壁一般用水泥或钢板作衬砌，它的末端与水 轮机的进水压力钢管相连接，压力钢管的末端(水轮机入口 前)要装设蝴蝶阀，主要是因为水轮机组突然甩负荷而调速 器又失灵时，避免机组飞车事故Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.
9、0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.（2）水击现象在长度较大的有压引水隧道或压力水管中，由于水的惯性作用，当水轮机前的阀门突然开启或关闭时，隧道和管 路中的水压力会突然降低或升高，压力隧道和管路中具有 相当流量的水体，在惯性力作用下，压力突然降低或增高 的压力值是很大的，这种现象叫做“水击现象”因此：所有水电厂在设计阶段，都要进行认真的调节保证计算，获得系统最大和最小的内水压力值，研究减小水 击现象的措施，选择合理的调速器调节时间和调节规律， 以及导向叶片(或阀门)的启闭历时时间和
10、启闭方式。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.（3）调压室Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides
11、 for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.第二节 水轮机 一、水轮机 的基本类型和型号1、水轮机基本类型水轮机：将水能转换成旋转机械功的水力原动机 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Cli
12、ent Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.1、冲击式斗叶式水轮机适用于水头高（100m1700m）、流量相对较 小的电站Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created wit
13、h Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.2、混流式水轮机水流通过导叶 ，沿幅向进入转轮，然后沿轴向流出转轮。适用于水头范围2670m，单机容量可达几百MW的电站。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.
14、Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.3、混流式水轮机水流进出转轮的方向始终为轴向。分为转浆式和定浆式 。适用水头范围为288m，单机出力可达几百MW的机组。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for
15、 .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.C
16、opyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.4、贯流式水轮机转轮与轴流式水轮机的转轮一样，但整个机组为卧式或斜式 适用水头范围为25m一下，单机出力可达几十MW的机组。全贯流式水轮机灯泡贯流式水轮机Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.5、斜流式水轮机它的叶轮轮叶轴线与叶轮主铀的轴线斜交，进出叶轮的水流与叶 轮主轴线斜交。转轮可做成转桨式或定桨式、适用水头范围在40200m。可作为可逆机组用于抽水蓄能电厂。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slid
