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1、Energy and Water:The Vital Link for a Sustainable FutureEnergy and Water:The Vital Link for a Sustainable Future4Table of ContentsIntroduction 7Thematic Scope of the 2014 World Water Week 10Chapter 1: Water and Energy: A Necessary Evolution from Dialogue to Partnership? 15Chapter 2: The Growing Thir
2、st for Energy: Is Shale Gas Part of the Solution, or Part of the Problem? 21Chapter 3: Sustainable Hydropower in the Context of Water and Energy Security 27Chapter 4: Forest, Water, and Carbon Storage: Creating Synergies and Balancing Trade-offs in View of Climate Change 35Chapter 5: Water and Energ
3、y in the Urban Setting 45Chapter 6: For Better, for Worse: The Eternal Interdependence of Energy and Water 51Conclusions: 2015 Charting a Course for the Future 596Photo: iStock7IntroductionThe theme for Stockholm World Water Week 2014, Energy and Water is a logical next step from the previous themes
4、 “Water and Food Security” (2012) and “Water Cooperation” (2013): water is a critical resource for development, and the water community needs to connect with make the connection to vital water-dependent societal sectors of society in order to properly manage this resource. We need to do that by inte
5、racting actively with the food security and energy communities, rather than by talking about them. This also implies that the Week will continue to address the ”water, energy and food security nexus” as an important topic, and attempt to actively include stakeholders from the food security and energ
6、y communities in the Week.The flow of the Weeks will continue towards the theme “water for development” in 201 5, the year when the global community will adopt a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the Post-201 5 devel- opment agenda and negotiate a new climate change agreement at COP21
7、in Paris.2014 World Water Week in Stockholm takes place a few weeks before the UN General Assembly begins negotiating the SDGs, and a few weeks after the UN Open Working Group published its report with rec- ommendations for SDGs. Looking at the current discussions among mem- ber countries and instit
8、utions, and within the pri- vate sector, we have come a long way since the out- come document of Rio+20 in 2012, “The Future We Want”. The document failed to recognise water in the energy chapter and energy in the water chapter. Since then, the connection is increasingly addressed and discussed. How
9、ever, in the formulation of the SDGs, it remains a challenge to make the connection clearly and forcefully.Why is it important? An estimated 1.3 billion people lack access to electricity, some 800 million get their water from unimproved sources and over 800 million are undernourished, largely the sa
10、me underprivileged poor. If we are to reduce poverty and human indignity, if we are to achieve sustainable economic development through “green growth”, we need to establish this vital connection. In Stockholm, we try to contribute to this endeavor by bringing together key stakeholders from a wide sp
11、ectrum of professions in academia, civil society and the private sector , this year with particular focus on the “water and energy” link. Our success depends on making the Week attractive to both our traditional water constituency, and to participants from the energy and other communities.There is c
12、onsiderable interdependency between the energy and water sectors in all societies. However, we find huge institutional, technical and economic asym- metries between the two sectors. To a large extent, the energy sector is market based and run by private, often big companies acting on global, regiona
13、l or na- tional markets. The water sector, on the other hand, is dominated by small public utilities acting on regulated markets at the local municipal level. Energy efficiency is a driving force for development in the energy sec- tor. We use less and less energy per unit produced although even grea
14、ter efficiency is warranted if we want to stave off the climate change challenges ahead. Water, on the contrary, is largely characterised by inefficient use or overuse, even if changes are starting to take place. Incentives for technical advancements are insufficient. Energy makes up a major part of
15、 the production costs in the manufacturing industry while water does not. Energy is priced on the market and there is a high awareness about energy prices among customers. In the water sector, marginal cost pricing or cost-recovery pricing is common, and there is a low customer awareness of water pr
16、ices.No one can remain in doubt about the enormity of the challenge facing us, and the need to connect our communities: it takes large amounts of energy to pump and treat water, and large amounts of water to produce energy, whether for biofuels, for extraction by e.g. fracking, or as withdrawals for cooling. If water is in short supply during droughts, energy 8crises may follow. We share these chall
