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1、智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料托福（TOEFL）考试阅读模拟试题（3）-智课教育旗下智课教育some pioneering work that began as an attempt to discover ways to increase production efficiency led to the founding of the human relations movement in industry and to the development of motivational skills and tools for managers. in 1927 researchers w
2、ere involved in determining the optimum amount of lighting, temperature, and humidity (with lighting being considered the most important) for the assembly of electronic components at western electric. the researchers found that lighting had no consistent effect on production. in fact, production som
3、etimes increased when lighting was reduced to the level of ordinary moonlight! the important part of this experiment began when two harvard researchers, elton mayo and fritz roethlisberger, were brought in to investigate these unexpected results further. they found that workers were responding not t
4、o the level of lighting but to the fact that they were being observed by the experimenters.this phenomenon came to be known as the hawthorne effect since the experiments were conducted at the western electric hawthorne plant. this was the first documented and widely published evidence of the psychol
5、ogical effects on doing work, and it led to the first serious effort aimed at examining psychological and social factors in the workplace. further experiments were continued for five years. generally, the researchers concluded from their experiments that economic motivation (pay) was not the sole so
6、urce of productivity and, in some cases, not even the most important source. through interviews and test results, the researchers focused on the effects of work attitudes, supervision, and the peer group and other social forces, on productivity.their findings laid the groundwork for modern motivatio
7、n theory, and the study of human factors on the job, which continues to this day in such common practices as selection and training, establishing favorable work conditions, counseling, and personnel operations. the contributions of this experiment shifted the focus of human motivation from economics
8、 to a multifaceted approach including psychological and social forces. 11. what is the passage primarily about? (a) the first widely published development in modern motivation theory (b) shifting the focus of human motivation from economics to a multifaceted approach (c) the importance of careful re
9、search (d) the results of a pioneering study at western electric 12. the word “optimum” in line 4 is closest in meaning to (a) positive (b) favorable (c) best (d) alternate 13. the most significant finding of the original research was(a) lighting had no consistent effect on production (b) production
10、 sometimes increased when lighting was reduced to the level of ordinary moonlight. (c) that lighting was no more important than the other factors of temperature and humidity. (d) the results were unexpected and confusing. 14. why does the author say that the important part of this research began whe
11、n two harvard researchers were brought in (lines 8-9) (a) until then the research had been poorly conducted (b) they took a multifaceted approach (c) the results of the original research did not make sense(d) harvard has a good reputation in conducting research 15. the research became known as the “
12、hawthorne effect” because (a) it was the name of the plant where the study was conducted (b) it was the name suggested by the harvard researchers (c) it was the name of the principal experimenter (d) there were hawthorne plants growing at western electric where the study was conducted 16. the word “
13、it” in line 14 refers to (a) the experiment (b) economic motivation (c) the western electric hawthorn plant (d) the hawthorne effect 17. it can be inferred from this passage that the hawthorne study (a) led to lighting, temperature, and humidity no longer being considered important when seeking ways
14、 to improve production(b) stimulated further research into work condition and worker behavior (c) led to psychological factors becoming the mostimportant consideration in achieving production efficiency (d) led to economic considerations being less important in achieving productivity 18. part of the
15、 reason for the change in focus from economics to a more multifaceted approach to the psychological effects on doing work was (a) due to the recognition that workers should be happy at work in order to maintain high productivity (b) a general conclusion that pay was sometimes not the most important
16、factor(c) because the hawthorne study continued for so long (d) because the workers requested it 19. according to the passage, it can be concluded that a “multifaceted approach” to human motivation in the workplace (a) excludes economics (b) can lead to greater productivity (c) excludes physical conditions (d) focuses mainly on psychological and social forces 20. the word “multifaceted” in line 25 is closest in meaning to (a) versatile (b) complex (c) many-sided (d) multitude 21. which of the fo
