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1、2035204020452050Technology RoadmapSolar Heating and CoolingINTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCYThe International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was and is two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective res
2、ponse to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which
3、is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agencys aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of o
4、il supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and
5、 analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies.n Find solutions to global energy challenges
6、through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders.IEA member countries:AustraliaAustria BelgiumCanada Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Korea (Republic of) Luxembourg Netherlands New
7、Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United StatesThe European Commission also participates in the work of the IEA.Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditi
8、ons are available online at www.iea.org/about/copyright.asp OECD/IEA, 2012 International Energy Agency 9 rue de la Fdration 75739 Paris Cedex 15, Francewww.iea.org1ForewordCurrent trends in energy supply and use are patently unsustainable economically, environmentally and socially. Without decisive
9、action, energy-related emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) will more than double by 2050 and increased oil demand will heighten concerns over the security of supplies. We can and must change our current path, but this will take an energy revolution and low-carbon energy technologies will have a crucia
10、l role to play. Energy efficiency, many types of renewable energy, carbon capture and storage (CCS), nuclear power and new transport technologies will all require widespread deployment if we are to reach our greenhouse gas (GHG) emission goals. Every major country and sector of the economy must be i
11、nvolved. The task is also urgent if we are to make sure that investment decisions taken now do not saddle us with sub-optimal technologies in the long term. Awareness is growing of the urgent need to turn political statements and analytical work into concrete action. To spark this movement, at the r
12、equest of the G8, the International Energy Agency (IEA) is leading the development of a series of roadmaps for some of the most important technologies. By identifying the steps needed to accelerate the implementation of radical technology changes, these roadmaps will enable governments, industry and
13、 financial partners to make the right choices. This will in turn help societies make the right decisions.The global energy need for heat is significant in both OECD and non-OECD countries: in 2009 the IEA reported that global energy demand for heat represented 47% of final energy use. Solar heat thu
14、s can make a substantial contribution in meeting climate change and security objectives.Solar heating and cooling (SHC) is a straightforward application of renewable energy; solar domestic hot water heating is already widely used in a number of countries but on a global level contributes to 0.4% onl
15、y of energy demand for domestic hot water. Moreover, SHC also includes technologies for other purposes such as space heating and space cooling, and hot water for industrial processes. As different SHC technologies are at widely differing stages of development and use, policy support must offer custo
16、m-made solutions.This roadmap envisages that by 2050, solar energy could annually produce 16.5 EJ of solar heating, more than 16% of total final energy use for low temperature heat, and 1.5 EJ solar cooling, nearly 17% of total energy use for cooling. For solar heating and cooling to play its full role in the coming energy revolution, concerted action is required by scientists, industry, governments, fin
