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1、 Incentives to improve energy efficiency in EU Grids ECOFYS Germany GmbH | Am Karlsbad 11 | 10785 Berlin | T +49 (0)30 29773579-0 | F +49 (0)30 29773579-99 | E | I Geschftsfhrer C. Petersdorff | Handelsregister Amtsgericht Kln | Handelsregisternr. HRB 28527 | Ust-ID-Nr. DE 187378615 Incentives to
2、improve energy efficiency in EU Grids Subtitle By: Dr. Georgios Papaefthymiou, Christina Beestermller and Ann Gardiner Date: 15 April 2013 Project number: DESNL13001 Ecofys 2013 by order of: European Copper Institute ECOFYS Germany GmbH | Am Karlsbad 11 | 10785 Berlin | T +49 (0)30 29773579-0 | F +4
3、9 (0)30 29773579-99 | E | I Geschftsfhrer C. Petersdorff | Handelsregister Amtsgericht Kln | Handelsregisternr. HRB 28527 | Ust-ID-Nr. DE 187378615 Table of contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Technical energy efficiency measures in grids 2 2.1 Network losses: General 2 2.2 Technical measures for the redu
4、ction of network losses 4 2.2.1 Equipment replacement solutions 4 2.2.2 Network architecture and management solutions 4 2.3 Conclusion 6 3 Disincentives and incentives in grid tariffs 7 3.1 Introduction 7 3.2 Germany 7 3.3 UK 9 3.4 Spain 10 3.5 Conclusions 12 4 Alternative regulations for an energy
5、efficient grid 13 4.1 Methodology and overview 13 4.2 Technical Standards for Conductors and Transformers 15 4.3 Financial incentives 17 4.4 Obligation or certificate schemes 18 4.5 Voluntary Agreements 20 4.6 Labelling schemes 21 4.7 Information campaigns to overcome lack of information and motivat
6、ion 22 4.8 Support of R moving to higher voltages will therefore reduce utilisation and losses on the networks. To implement this solution though the network would have to be totally re-designed and most components replaced. 2.2.2 Network architecture and management solutions 1 Reduction of fixed lo
7、sses Fixed losses can be reduced without replacing equipment by reducing the number of energised transformers in the system. This can be achieved by eliminating transformation steps or by switching off transformers. Elimination of transformation steps could be achieved by direct coupling of higher v
8、oltage levels to lower ones without the use of intermediate transformers. Switching off transformers could be possible in periods of low demand for configurations where multiple transformers are required in a substation for peak load. DESNL13001 5 2 Network reconfiguration (more direct connections)
9、Often the configuration of the network has an effect on losses in terms of the distance the electricity is transported. As the customer base develops independently of the network, the resulting configuration of a network that has been constructed over 40 years will most likely not be the optimal one
10、. There might therefore be some scope for reducing losses by reconfiguring the network, for example by providing shorter, more direct lines to where demand is situated currently. 3 Demand Side Management As discussed, variable losses are higher during peak network loading. In passive networks (only
11、loads), peak demand reduction based on time-tariff structures leads to a reduction of the power flows in the system and thus to an over-proportional reduction in system losses. However, in active networks (loads and DG/RES) system losses follow the system net load (load minus generation). Therefore,
12、 for loss reduction the system demand should be able to adapt to dynamic price operational signals. For this, enabling communication and control infrastructure should be in place (SmartGrids). 4 DG and RES As discussed, in liberalised environments the location of DG and RES units (possibly far from
13、load centres) and their dispatching (fixed or stochastic infeeds) can lead to increased network flows (and thus losses). To enable reduction of network losses, DG and RES units could be operated based on an overall network loss minimisation objective. The controllability of RES units could be enhanc
14、ed by including energy storage in the network. Therefore, for loss reduction the DG/RES units should be able to adapt to dynamic price operational signals. For this, enabling communication and control infrastructure should be in place (SmartGrids). The approach to increase the flexible dispatch and
15、control of DG and RES units should be balanced with considerations of the overall system benefits of network expansion (see point 2, section 2.2.1) and network reconfiguration (see point 2, this section). Network expansion/reconfiguration has a high capital cost and challenges of implementation in a
16、n energised electrical system. However, the additional costs for enhanced communication and control of DG and RES units is significant as well. From a practical point of view, implementing the enhancements to DG and RES units involves many more asset owners and varied technologies than carrying out network expansion/reconfiguration. A whole systems benefit analysis is needed over a defined geographic area to reach the optim
