《英美文化复习纲要完全》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英美文化复习纲要完全（7页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、USA 1、独立战争（the war of independence）(1775 年1783 年)英方：Sir Henry Clinton美方：George Washington 2、国父：2.1 George Washington : led and won the war of independence ;the first president of United States;1787 年 establish the U.S. Constitution (制定美国宪法)。2.2 Thomas Jefferson：Participate in the drafting of the dec
2、laration of independence （参与起草独立宣言） ；the third president of United States;2.3 Benjamin Franklin:Participate in the drafting of the declaration of independence （参与起草独立宣言） ；2.4 John Adams:Participate in the drafting of the declaration of independence （参与起草独立宣言） ； 3、南北战争（the civil war）(1861 年1865 年)：南方
3、：Robert Edward Lee北方：Ulysses Simpson Grant 4、近代总统：4.1 Richard Nixon（尼克松）：1968 the 37th president of United States（37 任总统，47 届）; 1972.01 won re-election (竞选连任成功)；1972.02 visit China ， re-establishing diplomatic relations with the Peoples Republic of China (与中华人民共和国恢复外交关系)；1972.06.17 Watergate scandal
4、(水门事件)；1972.08 resigned as president（辞职） ；4.2 John F. Kennedy (肯尼迪)：1960.01 the 35th president of United States；1962 Cuba Missile Crisis（古巴导弹危机，The Soviet Union was found installing nuclear missiles in Cuba） ；1963.11 be murdered（遇刺）.4.3Ronald Reagan (里根)：1981 he 40th president of United States；1984.
5、07 Los Angeles Olympic Games（第 23 届夏季奥运会） 5、三权分立（P23-28）权利执行机构下级SenateLegislativeCongressHouse of RepresentativeExecutivePresidentWhite HouseJudicialSupreme Court9 JusticesThe President has the power to nominate personnel,include ambassadors,White House staff,Cabinet members and so on.But all the no
6、mination needs the approval of the Senate.总统有人事任免权，包括外交大使、白宫行政人员和内阁人员等，但所有的任命都必须 得到议会的同意。He can propose legislation to Congress,including the year federal budget and take the initiative to make proposals.He also has important leverage in process of lawmaking.总统可以提交法案给议会，包括年度政府财政预算。总统对法律的制定有着一定的影响。Bu
7、t Congress can frustrate the presidential effort by refusing to appropriate funds for a presidential whether domestic or international.但议会可以阻止总统的提案。There are 9 Supreme Court justices who are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate.最高法院的 9 名大法官由总统提名，议会审定。They have life-long tenure and
8、the court is infallible.Its ruling is the final one and thus cannot be appealed.大法官为终身制，最高法院是绝对可靠的，它的判决是最终的并且无法上诉。 附:议会对总理的反对提案必须达到 23 的多数才能有效。 6、北美自由贸易协定(North American Free Trade Agreement) （P46）双方：American & Canada时间：1989目的和影响：NAFTA had further increased economic ties between the United State and
9、 its largest trading partners,Canada and Mexico. 7、Hamilton（P39） Alexander Hamilton ,one of the nations Founding Father and its first Secretary of Treasury.汉米尔顿是美国国父之一，并且是美国的第一人财政部长，詹姆斯麦迪逊等合作联邦党 人论文集（The Federalist Papers） ，是美国经济政策的奠基者。 8、美国文学流派（P68-72）8.1 The Lost Generation(名词解释)(P70)World War des
10、troyed all that Americans had been familiar with.Without a stable ,traditional structure of values,the individual lost a sense of identity.Such as Hemingway , T.S.Eliot.8.2 超验主义(transcendentalism) (P68)基础：It based on a belief in the unity of the world and God,and it also developed the doctrine of se
11、lf-reliance（自力更生） and individualism(个人主义).代表人物：Ralph Waldo Emerson (爱默生)，Walt Whitman，Herman Melville， Edgar Allan Poe8.3 当代作家（P71-72）作家作品性别Arthur MillierDeath of a Salesman男J.D.SalingerThe Cather in the Rye男Toni MorrisonThe Bluest Eye,Song of Solomon女9、教育（P76-83）9.1 公立学校(Public School)的特点Public sch
12、ools are taxes-funded and controlled by local officials,American public schools have four basic characteristics in common:they are local controlled,free from religious influence,coeducational(男女混合) and publicly supported by taxes.9.2 私立学校(Private School)的特点 Private schools generally charge tuition a
13、nd are nit under direct public control,they are independently funded.Parochial schools(教区附属学校) make up the largest segment of private schools.Others are non-religious private schools,mainly high schools and colleges. UK 1、全称（P107）The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2、光荣革命（P100）(
14、Glorious Revolution) 结果：William of Orange and his wife Mary were invited to England and crowed as joint rulers.原国王的女婿（son-in-law）威廉三世和原国王的女儿被从荷兰拉回来当国王和王后。 3、英国的议会制（Parliament）(P110)3.1 上议院 （House of Lords0组成：贵族（分为 hereditary peer(世袭贵族)，life peer（终身贵族） ） ，大主教 （Archbishop） ，主教（bishop）等组成选举原则：hereditar
15、y principle 世袭制权力：1、审查下议院通过的法案，并通过必要的修正案Undertake detailed revision of Bills from the Commons2、推迟其不赞成的立法，最长可推迟一年Delay a bill passed by Commons,but this delay cannot be longer than one year and in two successive sessions.3.2 下议院（House of Commons)组成：646 members who are elected from 646 constituencies.
16、(从 646 个选区选出 646 位 议员，附，5 年一次）权力：1.立法权The power to change and make new laws.2.监督政府及其财政Scrutinizing(supervising) the government and its finance.3.提供政府人员Provide personnel to government .(Ministers remain and fulfill function as Member of Parliament (MPs)附：下议院的 646 个议员中多数为执政党，次之为国家第二大党，及少数无党 派人士。 4、Queens speech (名词解释)（P110)At the start of each sess
