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1、分析化学程序性开放实验的探索与实践研究生姓名：黎冬梅导师姓名：黄 都 副教授 专业：课程与教学论研究方向：化学课程与教学论年级：2007 级摘要在全球化的趋势和知识经济的要求下，世界各国的高等教育从理念到形态都发生了越来越大的变化，大学生的学习改革乃至传统大学的教学改革已成为关乎国家兴衰的大事。世界各国教育领域特别是高等教育界都在努力寻求适应新时期发展要求的教育。在知识经济时代，由于知识的生产具有无限性和快捷性的特点，要求我们要有强烈的自主学习和终身学习的意识，学习的目的不仅仅在于积累事实和原理，更重要的是要掌握方法，能够做到举一反三、触类旁通。面对新局势，大学教师应树立起清晰的教育理念，要站
2、在一定的高度理性审视我们的教学内容、教学方式、学习方法是否有利于人才的培养，我们培养的人才是否能够适应社会对人才的要求。高校教师要为学生构建科学的、合理的知识结构、能力结构和综合素质，着重培养学生解决实际问题的能力，使学生有能力在日新月异的社会环境中不断更新自己的知识结构和能力结构，逐步具备获得知识的方法，形成强烈的“终身学习”的意识。传统的分析化学实验课程中主要存在以下问题：理论教学与实践环节相脱节、实践环节的功能单一、教学方法刻板、实验步骤程式化等。而目前国内关于分析化学实验教学改革的有关研究也都是泛泛而谈，没有充分运用教育学和心理学的相关理论来指导，也没有用相关的数据来说明，研究成果的可
3、行性还有待在实践中检验。针对以上问题，本文结合教育学和心理学的有关理论，构建了基于真实情境的分析化学实验课程与教学新体系。实验课程的开发循序由易到难，由简到繁，渐进开放的原则，构建了包含“感受性实验 形成性实验 拓展性实验”三阶段的实验探究模式，即“分析化学程序性开放实验”。 通过实验课程的研究与改革实践，构建了一个以实践与创新为切入点的教学改革与创新体系。本研究收集了分析化学程序开放性实验实施过程中学生工作单中“问题出现频度”、“学习期望”、“提出问题水平”、“评价的有效性”这 4 个项目的数据进行统计分析，结果表明，动作技能学生易于掌握，出现问题比较少；决策类问题由于伴随着更多复杂的认知和
4、决断因而出错率较高；学生在完全开放的实验探究中，最能够发现自身的能力欠缺之处；只有进一步创造这种开放性学习环境，学生的学习期望才有可能变成现实；学生越是投入于探究的任务中、实验的开放性越大，所提出的课题质量就越高；评价发挥了激励功能，但又不失其客观性等。本研究表明，遵循实验开放维度从少到多、从简到繁的程序性开放模式，有利于提高学习者分析化学实验技能和问题解决能力；在有意义的学习环境中练习技能的学习者，他们的知识易于转化为长时记忆，信息保留更持久。i本研究还统计了实验班和对比班在几个方面数据的对比。结果表明，实验班数据处理能力比对比班好；实验班学生对理论知识的理解也较透彻；实验班学生习得的实验技
5、能保留得较持久；实验班实现了有意义的学习目标。本研究最后总结了分析化学程序性开放实验课程模式在实践过程中获得的启示，并对今后该课程的实施提出了建议。关键词：分析化学；程序性；开放实验iiSearching and Practice on ProceduralOpen Course of Analytical Chemistry ExperimentAbstract with the advent of globalisation and knowledge-based economy,both the conceptand the form of higher education around
6、 the world had changed constantly. thelearning reform of university students and the reform of traditional university teachinghave becomed a major event related to a nationals prosperity. The education areaaround the world, especially the higher education sector are seeking to meet theeducation requ
7、irements of the new period. In the knowledge economy era, we shouldtake lifelong to learn and try to learn by ourselves for the production of knowledge isso infinite and the replace tempo is so quickly . the aim of learning not only toaccumulate fact and theory,the more important is to master the me
8、thod and skill.Facing the new Challenges, university teachers should stand in a higher Heightlooking at wether the Content and Manners of our Current teaching fit for cultivatingtalents we need. in order to help students enhancing the skill of solving problems,College teachers should pay more attent
9、ion to establishment knowledge structure andability rationaly, assist students in accessing the methods gradually, in order to bringabout a strong demand of “lifelong learning“ in their consciousness.Traditional courses of analytical chemistry experimental exist following problems:theories divorced
10、from practice areas and real world, the functions of teaching activityis poverty, the teaching method is obstinate, the experimental steps are proceduraletc.However ,most of domestic analysis on the reform of analytical chemicalexperiments are broad statements, did not make full use the theories of
11、pedagogy andpsychology to guide, not supply relevant data to illustrate the research results .Theirresults need practical test. To solve the above problems, this research is based on sometheories of pedagogy and psychology to construct courses of analytical chemistryexperimental, this courses constr
12、ucted with the real analytical chemical circumstancesand problems with the principle from simple to complex. this experimental modelinclude three different sections: Sensitivity experimentsForming experimentDevelopment experiment,some aspects of this experimental model such ascontent ,theme ,method
13、etc.,is unrestrained, so it is called “ proceduralopen courseof analytical chemistry experiment ”. Then a innovation course system is built by thisreform programs.iiiThe author collect the students answer from their manual work,it contains four items: “the problem you suffer from” , “ learning expec
14、tations”, “quality of questions ”,“ the effectiveness of evaluation ” . these data shows that students acquire motor skillseasily; decision-making issues are more difficult because it is associated with morecomplex cognitive and decision ;students in a completely open situation will findmoreof capac
15、ity their own lack; only further create such an open learning environment,learning expectations can become a reality;the more invested in the exploration task,the higher quality of questions raised by students; the evaluation not only functionincentivetly, but also objectivity. This study indicates
16、that, following the experimentaprocedural opening from less to more, from simple to complex will be beneficial forlearners in improving chemistry experiment skills and problem solving skills; inmeaningful learning environment for learners to practice skills, their knowledge putinto long-term memory more easily, information retention is more durable.The study also compared statistics between experimental classes and comparisonclasses in several ways. The results showed that the experimenta
