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1、Income Inequality and Poverty收入不平等与贫困Chapter 20Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Income Inequality and Poverty“A persons earnings depend on the supply and demand for that persons labor, which in turn depend on natural ability, human capital, compensating differen
2、tials, discrimination, and so on.”Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.收入不平等与贫困“一个人的收入取决于这个人的劳动供给和对这个人的劳动需求，供给与与需求又取决于天赋能力、人力资本、补偿性工资差别、歧视等等。”Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Measurement of InequalityuHow much inequality is
3、there in our society?uHow many people live in poverty?uWhat problems arise in measuring the amount of inequality?uHow often do people move among income classes?Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.不平等的衡量u在我们社会中不平等程度有多大?u有多少人生活在贫困之中?u衡量不平等程度时引起了哪些问题?u他们通常如何在各收入阶层之间流动
4、?Table 1 The Distribution of Income in the United States: 2000表1. 美国的收入分配: 2000年组别 年家庭收入(美元)最低的1/5 低于24 000第二个1/5 24 00141 000 中间的1/5 41 00161 378第四个1/5 61 37991 700最高的1/5 91 701 及更多最高的5 160 250 及更多 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.U.S. Income InequalityuImagine
5、 that you. . . . . . lined up all of the families in the economy according to their annual income. . . . divided the families into five equal groups (bottom fifth, second fifth, etc.) . . . computed the share of total income that each group of families received.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items
6、 copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.美国的收入不平等u设想你. . . . . 要根据年收入对所有家庭进行排队。 . . . 把家庭分为五个相等的集团 (最低的 五分之一，第二个五分之一，等等). . . 计算每个家庭集团所得到的总收入份 额。Table 2 Income Inequality in the United StatesCopyright2004 South-Western表2. 美国的收入不平等Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.U.S. In
7、come InequalityIf income were equally distributed across all families, each one-fifth of families would receive one-fifth (20 percent) of total income.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.美国收入不平等如果收入平等地分配到所有家庭中 ，每五分之一的家庭应该得到五分 之一（20）的收入。Harcourt, Inc. items and deri
8、ved items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.uFrom 1935-1970, the distribution of income gradually became more equal.uIn more recent years, this trend has reversed itself.U.S. Income InequalityHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.u从 1935年到1970年，分配逐渐变得 更平等。u近年这种趋势又倒过来了。
9、美国收入不平等Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.U.S. Income Inequality nReasons for Recent Increase in Income Inequality The following have tended to reduce the demand for unskilled labor and raise the demand for skilled labor: Increases in international trade with low-
10、wage countries Changes in technology Therefore, the wages of unskilled workers have fallen relative to the wages of skilled workers. This has resulted in increased inequality in family incomes.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.美国的收入不平等 n近年来不平等增长的原因 下述情况倾向于减少不熟练劳动
11、的需求并增加 熟练劳动的需求: 与低工资国家之间的贸易的增长 技术变革 因此，不熟练工人的工资相对于熟练工人的工 资下降。 这种相对工资变动提高了家庭收入的不平等。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Case Study: The Womens Movement and the Income Distribution案例研究：妇女运动与收入分配The percentage of women who hold jobs has risen from about 32 percent in t
12、he 1950s to about 54 percent in the 1990s.有工作的妇女从50年代的32增加到90年代的54。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Case Study: Income Equality around the WorldHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.案例研究: 世界各国的收入不平等国家 最低的10 最高的10 比例日本 4.8 21.7 4.5 德国 3.3 23.7 7.2加拿大 2.8 23.8 8.5印度 3.5 33.5 9.6英国 2.6 27.3 10.5 中国 2.4 30.4 12.7 美国 1.8 30.5 16.9俄罗斯 1.7 38.7 22.8尼加拉瓜 1.6 40.8 25.5墨西哥 1.6 41.1
