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1、Acoustic, aerodynamic, physiologic, and perceptual properties of modal and vocal fry registersMichael Blomgren and Yang Chen Department of Communication Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-1085Manwa L. Ng Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Illinois State Univers
2、ity, Normal, Illinois 61790Harvey R. Gilbert Department of Communication Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-1085Received 15 September 1997; accepted for publication 3 February 1998!The purpose of the study was to examine the acoustic, aerodynamic, physiologic, and percept
3、ual characteristics of modal and vocal fry production. Twenty normal speakers 10 males, 10 females! participated in the study. Speech material included four sustained vowels /i/, /, /,/, /u/!, and syllable strings of /pi/ repetitions produced in both modal and vocal fry registers. Acoustic datafunda
4、mental frequency, jitter, shimmer, and signal-to-noise ratio!, aerodynamic data airflow and air pressure!, and electroglottographic EGG! data were obtained simultaneously. Results demonstrated considerable differences across voice parameters for the modal and vocal fry registers.Fundamental frequenc
5、y was significantly lower in vocal fry than in modal register for both malesand females, however, significant gender differences existed only in modal register. For both malesand females, measurements of jitter and shimmer were significantly higher and signal to noise ratiowas significantly lower in
6、 vocal fry. In addition, airflow rate in modal register was almost threetimes as high as the airflow rate in vocal fry register during sustained vowel production. During syllable string production, subglottal air pressure values in modal register were approximately 1.5 times higher than that in the
7、vocal fry register. In general, these data emphasize that the aeromechanical mechanisms of vocal fold vibratory behavior are substantially different between modal and vocal fry registers. A model of vocal fry phonation is presented to account for the present results. 1998 Acoustical Society of Ameri
8、ca. S0001-496698!04005-3#PACS numbers: 43.70.Aj, 43.70.Gr, 43.75.Rs AL#INTRODUCTIONAccording to Hollien 1974! there are three vocal regis- ters. Although variously labeled over the past 40 years, com- mon designations have included a! falsetto or loft register for the highest of the human vocal freq
9、uencies, b! modal or chest register for the normal speaking or singing voice, and c! vocal fry, glottal fry, creak, or pulse register for the phonation produced at the lowest end of the human vocal frequency range. Hollien stated that a vocal register is a se- ries or range of consecutively phonated
10、 frequencies that can be produced with nearly identical vocal quality and with little or no overlap in fundamental frequencies (F0) between adjacent registers. He suggested that a voice register can beoperationally defined according to the following parameters: 1! perceptual; 2! acoustic; 3! physiol
11、ogic; and 4! aerody- namic. In addition, Daniloff et al. 1980! reported that the complex physiological structure of the larynx can vibrate in three or more! relatively different ways, giving rise to air-flow modulation that yields acoustically and perceptually distinct vocal quality p. 209!. The pre
12、sent study explored the acoustic, aerodynamic, physiologic, and perceptual char-acteristics of two of the three normal voice registers; specifi- cally, modal and vocal fry registers. Modal register refers to the range of F0used in the normal mode of speaking and singing Hollien, 1974!. Vocal fry is
13、a voice register approximately one octave belowthe frequencies noted for the normal male modal register. Vocal fry consists of a train of discrete, low-frequency, glot- tal pulses produced by the larynx Hollien and Wendahl, 1968!. McGlone 1967! indicated that vocal fry exists as a physiologically no
14、rmal mode of laryngeal vibration which results in a distinctive acoustic signal.A. Acoustic properties of vocal fryThe F0ranges in modal register are characterized by values of approximately 100140 Hz for males Hollien and Jackson, 1973; Krook, 1988!, and 175240 for females Sto- icheff, 1981; Krook,
15、 1988!. In contrast, vocal fry is associ- ated with a very low F0. The F0of vocal fry samples ob- tained by Hollien and Wendahl 1968! ranged from 31.6 to 69.1 Hz. McGlone 1967! found values ranging from 10.9 to 52.1 Hz. Murry 1971! obtained values of 2292 Hz for vocal fry, and 7398 Hz for the low mo
16、dal register range. McGlone and Shipp 1971! obtained values of 1865 Hz for vocal fry. Average frequencies of vocal fry vibration, ex- trapolated from the literature, range from approximately 20 to 70 Hz with a mean of approximately 50 Hz. Women usually have a broader F0range than men in modal register. In vocal fry register, a negligible difference in F0range between males and females has been reported by McGlone 1967!. McGlone found that the F0r
