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1、Socrates Simple man Stonemason Shrewish wife Loyal service in the war Incredible concentration Wisest man in Athens (oracle) Gad fly (Dialectics/Socratic method) “The unexamined life is not worth living.”Socrates Convicted of “corrupting the youth” Described as “the best and wisest” and “most noble”
2、 manPlato Student of Socrates The Academy Mathematics What is the real nature of things?What makes this a Chair?ChairnessPlato The Republic Ideal society Rule by the philosophers The Allegory of the CavePlato Superiority of the intellectual life Platonic love Devalued the physical Creation by the De
3、miurge Shaping imperfect matter into the perfect Form Ethics Find the Form in all thingsAristotle Taught by Plato Lyceum Natural sciences Truth is best understood from observation of living things Capable in many areas Forms can be understood from the physical as well as from the purely intellectual
4、Aristotle Aristotelian Scientific Method Used for 2000 years Basic assumptions based on reasoning Deductive method Observations used to confirm the assumptions Example: Elements of earth (4) and heavens Example: Qualities of things Did not employ experimentation Disturbs natureAristotle Four Causal
5、Questions (Physics) Material Question (What is it made of?) Efficient Question (What caused it?) Formal Question (What is its Form or essence?) Final Question (What is its final end or purpose?)Aristotle Example: A Mouse Material: molecules Efficient: birth Formal: dna (information) Final: fulfill i
6、ts purpose as a creature of GodAristotle Motion Bodies move to achieve their stable (“natural“) position Heavier bodies fall faster Poetics Rhetoric Ethos = power of persuasion created by the character of the speaker (Gettysburg Address) Pathos = power of persuastion created by the passion of the sp
7、eaker (I Have a Dream speech) Ethics Act to avoid extremesThank YouZenoEpicurus AverroesAnaximanderPythagorasAnaxagorasHypatiaParmenidesEschinesAlcibiadesXenophonAlexander SocratesHeraclitusPlatoAristotleDiogenesEuclidZoroasterPtolemyRaphaelClassical Greek PhilosophySocrates 470-399 BC Divided philo
8、sophy into 2 groups Pre-Socratics After were based upon his ethics and methods Philosophers versus Sophists Believed in a single, all powerful God Used dialectics (Socratic Method) to find ultimate truthSocrates Taken to trial (Apology) Convictedhe did not put on a defense Sentenced to death Drank h
9、emlock (Phaedo)“The unexamined life is not worth living.” SocratesPlato427-347 BC Student of Socrates Born an aristocrat Founded the Academy First university Purpose-thinking about deeper meanings Wrote dialogues of Socrates, his own political theory and works of ethicsPlato Forms or Ideas Continuat
10、ion of Socrates “ultimate nature“ Essence of something lies in the Form Form has perfection “Ideals“ comes from “Idea“ = “Form“ Immaterial things also had Forms For instance: Our remembrance of the Form of beauty allows us to see beauty in other thingsOne of Platos critics said: “I see particular ho
11、rses, but not horseness.”Plato answered: “That is because you have eyes but no intelligence.”Plato Spiritual is more real than the physical (Timaeus) Physical changes, Form is eternal Truth cannot be perceived by the senses Perfection is only found in the Forms At death, the soul migrates to the Wor
12、ld of Pure Form What is the concept of a perfect God?Plato The Republic Idea of the perfect society “What is the nature of reality?” Philosophers emerging from the cavePlato Mathematics Supported Pythagorean school Math is the organizing rules for the Forms which combine in various geometric shapes
13、to create all things Sign on the door of the Academy “Let no one ignorant of geometry enter here”Aristotle 384-322 BC Son of a physician Born in Macedonia Attended the Academy Became Platos foremost student Left the Academy when Plato died Founded the Lyceum in Athens More focused in natural science
14、Aristotle Forms Some Forms have qualities and quantities that are not fixed (and therefore not “perfect“) Colors or measurements Forms can be perceived from the object itself by observation and from many others that have similar Forms to develop the nature of the Form of that thing True nature is un
15、derstood by observation Classification of the sciencesAristotle Wrote on physics Universe is eternal, finite and spherical Earth is center of the universe World composed of 4 elements (earth, fire, water, air) Heavens composed of aether 4 elements affected by qualities (dry, cold, wet, hot) Real objects are composites of Form and matter Plato did not value matter Note Aristotles thinkingspirit and bodyAristotle Four Casual Questions (Physics) Material Question Efficient Question Formal Question Final Question Example: A Mouse Is t
