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1、 Lesson7 Bridge 课程学习指南： 1. words learning Pedestrian(行人) ped(pod，词根)-足 pedal(足的，脚的、脚踏 )Subsoil(底土)=sub（前缀：下、次） +soilOverlap(重叠，搭接)=over(前缀： =super)+lap(接)Intersect(交叉)=inter(前缀：相互之间 的)+sect(段、部分=part)Bridge is a structure that spans obstacles, such as rivers and valleys, to provide a roadway for tra
2、ffic. By far the majority of bridges are designed to carry automobile or railroad traffic, but some are intended for pedestrians only. pedestrian noun a person walking along a road or in a built-up area 步行者，行人 adjective lacking inspiration or excitement; dull缺乏想像力的，平淡无奇的 ，乏味的 为提供交通道路，桥梁是跨越如河流、山谷 这样障
3、碍的一种结构形式，到目前为止，大 部分桥梁都是公路桥或铁路桥，仅有少部分 是人行桥。 A number of aqueduct bridges, mostly erected in Europe in the 19th century, carry canals and their barge traffic; and at least one bridge, at New York Citys Kennedy Airport, serves to carry taxying aircraft over a highway. aqueduct bridge 高架水渠 verb (taxis,
4、taxied, taxiing or taxying) (intransitive) (of an aircraft) move slowly along the ground before takeoff or after landing: the plane taxis up to a waiting car . take a taxi as a means of transport: I would taxi home and sleep till eight.大量的高架渠桥于19世纪在欧洲建成，以保证运河 和船舶交通的运行。最小的一座桥在纽约市的肯尼 迪机场，它主要是把滑行飞机拖到跑道
5、上服务的。The first bridges built by man probably resembled those still being constructed by primitive peoples in isolated regions. primitive adj. 原始的, 早期的简单的; 粗糙的原始人, 原始事物 人类建成的首批桥类似于原始人在孤立地带建成的桥 。 The tools and building skills of early man, like those of primitive peoples today, were so elementary that
6、 he was undoubtedly forced to use easily transportable materials that could be put in place with a minimum of forming and shaping. 早期人类的工具和建筑技术如同原始人类一样都是最 初级的，只有应用经过简单加工成型的材料。In forest regions, where stout timbers or logs could be obtained, bridges very likely were made of one more parallel logs, po
7、ssibly covered with cross branches or matting for better footing.stout结实的；厚实的 在森林里，随处可得结实的木材，那时侯的桥 极可能是由并排的几根圆木建成，可能在其 上覆一些木枝或草垫以方便行走。 In tropical regions of India, Africa, and South America, fibrous vines were used to build suspension bridges. The vines were tied to trees or rocks on each side of t
8、he stream or valley to be crossed. One or more vines were used to tread on. Other vines, strung several feet higher, were used for hand holds. stream valley 河谷处于热带地区的印度、非洲、和南美洲，纤维藤用来 建成悬索桥，这些藤系在小河或山谷两边的树上或岩石 上，一根或更多的藤用于在上面行走，其它的在几英尺 高的地方，用作扶手用。Although vine ridges are usually unstable, some built by
9、 the Incas were strong and stable enough to be used by the invading Spanish soldiers and horses. invade侵入; 侵略(别国); 侵犯(主权等) 拥入; 挤满The town was invaded by a crowd of tourists. 虽然藤索桥通常不稳定，但印加人建成的藤索桥 足够的坚固和稳定性，被用于西班牙士兵和他们马 匹的通行。In rocky regions, stone was used for bridges. Piles of stone were placed at
10、short intervals across the river, providing the bridge piers, and then a path front bank to bank was made by laying flat stone slabs across adjacent piers. A few stone bridges of this type , called clapper bridges, can still be seen in Dartmoor, England ; however , they date only from the Middle Age
11、s or even later.在岩石地区，石头被用来建桥，横跨河流以很小的 间距布置石碓作为桥墩，然后用平坦的石头跨过相 邻的桥墩就建成连接两岸的通道，大部分的石桥就 是这种类型，叫做鼓掌桥。现在在Dartmoor、英格 兰仍然可见，不过它们都建于中世纪甚至更晚。The first innovation beyond the primitive bridge forms is believed to have occurred in ancient China and then spread to India. To bridge stream wider than a single tre
12、e length, the Chinese and Indians used two piles of three trunks, building toward the stream center from each bank. pile桩 ，一堆，一叠 原始桥梁的第一步变革被认为出现在中国古 代，随后传入印度。河床一般比树要宽， 中国人和印度人从河的两岸到河中央用两 堆树干来建造。In each arm of the structure, the logs were piled on top of one another with a slight upward slant, with e
13、ach layer projected several feet beyond the one immediately below it. For stability, each pile of timbers was anchored by a massive pile of stone on each bank. Near midstream , the gap between the ends of the arms was closed by the addition of a simple beam between the two ends. 每个分支中，圆木一个接一个的布置并微微向
14、上 倾斜，使其每一层都比它下面的高几英尺。为 了增加稳定性，每个木桩在两岸都用一堆大而 重的石头锚固；接近河中央，在河中间的两个 分支的两端则用简支梁连接。In this kind of structure, a crude cantilever bridge, the achievable span length is made greater by the addition of a central section between the free ends of the arms.crude 天然的, 未加工的，简陋的, 粗糙的, 未加修饰， 粗鲁的, 粗俗的, 粗野的在这种结构中，天然
15、支架桥在两个分支的两端加 上额外构件后可达到很宽的跨度。As early as 4000 B.C. in Mesopotamia and 3000 B.C. in Egypt , overlapping horizontal layers of stone or sun-baked brick were used instead of overlapping timbers. 早在公元前4000年的esopotamia和在公元前 3000年的埃及，用石头或日光烤干的砖代替木头被 用于横向覆盖层。this construction, which looks like a masonry arch that is stepped rather than smooth on the underside is called a corbeled arch这种结构看起来像的砖拱，一层层铺起，被叫做突拱 。T0 change the corbeled arch into a true arch, it was only necessary to reorient the inner stones so that they formed a smooth curve.要使突拱变为真正的拱，需要调整内部石头的构造以 形成光滑的曲面。The true arch，which
