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1、Infinitive 动词不定式动词不定式动词不定式分为带to的不定式(e.g. ask sb to do sth), 和不带to的不定式(e.g. make sb do sth)。动词不定式的时态和语态的变化：动词不定式的一般式：表示动作与句子中 的谓语动词同时发生或之后发生。I want to have a cup of tea. (同时) she stopped to have a cup of tea.(之后) It is possible for our hopes to be realized.( 被动)动词不定式的完成式：表示不定式的动作发 生在谓语动词之前。She said s
2、he was very happy to have met you. She preferred to have been given heavier work to do。(被动)动词不定式的进行式：表示不定式的动作在 谓语动作同时正在发生。 They seemed to be talking about something important.动词不定式的完成进行式：表示在谓语所表 示时间之前一直进行的动作。We are happy to have been working with you.动词不定式的否定式：not to do sthI asked him not to be late
3、.动词不定式可以在句子中充当主语，宾 语，表语，宾语补足语，定语(后置)， 状语。1) 做主语 To see is to believe. To act like that is foolish. 一般我们用it做形式主语来替代。 It is foolish to act like that. It is not easy for us to learn English well. It is kind of you to think so much of us. 常用于下列结构中： (1)It is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do（如 good/ kind/ nice/ c
4、lever/ foolish/ selfish） (2)It is +adj.+(for sb.)+to do（如easy / difficult / hard / / unwise / possible/ necessary） (3)It is +a/an +名词+ to do.（如a pity/ a shame / a pleasure /ones duty / an honor ） (4)It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience to do (5)It requires courage / patience / hard work to
5、do2) 做宾语 she determined to learn English well. He failed to pass the exam.常见的不定式做宾语的动词有： want, wish, *hope, manage, ask, offer(提 出), pretend, intend, decide, care, choose, expect, desire seem, happen, *appear etc. 某些及物动词think, believe, consider, feel, find, make等后常用it作形式宾语 We all find it impossible
6、not to do homework in French class. 动词不定式做定语：当不定式的逻辑主 语是句子的主语时，要用主动表被动。 His words are difficult to understand.3) 做表语 Her wish is to become an artist. To do this would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.4) 做定语(后置) I want to get something to read during the holidays. She was the first person to think
7、of the idea. I have nothing to worry about.4) 做定语(后置)注意:a) the only及序数词,顺序词或形容词最高级修饰 的名词常接不定式作定语.eg. He is always the first one to come to school.b) 作定语的不定式若是不及物动词,或名词是不定 式动作的地点,工具等, 不定式后须有相应介词.Please give me a knife to cut with.Please use the knife to cut it. 5) 做状语：我们经常用不定式来做状语， 修饰动词，表示动作的目的，结果或原因
8、 。We must use the right tools to do a good job. (目的) What have I said to make you so excited? (结果) We jumped with joy to hear the news. (原因)注意 “only to do”表示没有想到的结果 Eg. He arrived only to find the train had just left.不定式常在做表语的形容词之后做状语。 I am sorry/ glad to hear that. He was annoyed to hear them talk
9、like that.当不定式做目的状语时可以与in order to, so as to替换，此时否定用in order not to, so as not to. He got up early so as not to/ in order not to be late.这类形容词还有： proud , happy, surprised, eager, ready, kind, lucky, (un)fortunate, (un)able, (un)willing, disappointed, angry, clever, unwise, quick, slow, foolish, rude
10、, wrong etc.6) 做宾语补足语 I asked him to show me the new dictionary.* Note:A) (v) + sb + to do sthask, tell, invite, force, get, allow, *help, wish, want, persuade, remind, request, order, warn, cause etc.I didnt expect you to arrive so early.May I request you to attend the meeting?(B) (v) + sb + to do
11、sth/ (v) + doing sthadvise, allow, forbid, encourage, permit, recommend.(C) 有些动词之后带不带to 的不定式。feel; hear, listen to; make, let, have; see, look at, watch, notice, observeWhat made you think of that? 但如果改为被动，除let外,to必须恢复。They were made to work day and night.He was let go.不带to的不定式：would rather than do
12、nothing/more than Eg. I would rather die than _.During the course he did nothing but _.cannot but cannot choose but cannot help but have nothing to do but Eg. I cannot but _ his courage.She could do nothing but _.Why? Why not do?(D.) 作独立成分to tell the truth,to be frank,to be exact,to begin with,to ma
13、ke matters worse,to make a long story shortneedless to sayeg. To be frank, I dont like your hairstyle. (E.) 不定式与疑问词who, which, when, where等 连用, 在句中可充当主语, 表语,宾语等.eg. I have no idea what to say.(b) be said, be reported, be known, be believedIt is said that he came from a peasant family.He is said to c
14、ome from a peasant family.(F) 一些常用的不定式句型：(c) be (un)likely, be certain, be sure to do sth. They are likely to be on the campus. Victory is sure to be ours.(a) tooto, enoughto(d.) seem to, happen to, appear toAll the students seemed to have known what had happened.The boy happened to be watching a fo
15、otball game when his mother came back home.() 不含to的不定式。 1)Why引导的疑问句中不带to. Why spend such a lot of money?Why not do it right now?2) had better, would rather-thanI would rather go than stay.He prefers to go back rather than stay.3)介词but,except,besides前有do的各种形式,那这 些介词后不定式不带to.I have nothing to do but w
16、atch TV.I have no choice but to go shopping.(2)And ,or 连接的两个不定式,后面的to可省略.I hardly knew whether to laugh or cry. (3) 当主语从句或修饰主语的定语从句中出现do时, 在主句中作表语的不定式可省to.What I really want to do was write a letter.All I did was clean room. (4) cant choose but, cant help but, cant but, can but后I cant but laugh to hear such a story.不定式与动名词区别1. 不定式表具体动作,动名词表抽象动作.eg. Doing si
