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1、Part FiveInternational Society (English School) Contents Basic international society approach The three traditions: theory The three traditions: practice Order and justice Statecraft and responsibility The current research agenda Backgrounds Charles Manning Hebert Butterfield Martin Wight Hedley Bul
2、l Adam Watson Barry Buzan 1959 1966 / British Committee on the Theory of International Politics; 1959 2. 19661977 / Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of order in World Politics; Wight, System of States; John Vincent, Nonintervention and International Order; 3.1977 1992, Bull and Watson, The Expa
3、nsion of International Society; 1984 ; Watson, The Evolution of International Society, 1992; Bull, Hugo Grotius and International Relations ,1990;4. 1992 B.A. Robert, International Society and the Development of International Relations, 1998;Basic international society approach IS is a historical an
4、d institutional approach to world politics that focuses on human beings and their political values; IS rejects positivist social science methodologies; Rejects value-neutral science; Central to this approach is the study of ideas and ideologies that shape world politics. ( states are not things: the
5、y do not exist or interact on their own. States do not have a existence separate from the human beings- the citizens and governments. International society theorists view international relations as a special branch of human relations that occur in historical time and involve rules, norms, and values
6、.Traditionalism and behaviorism Traditional classical approach Human-focused Interpretive Normative Historical- concrete Behavioralist approach Structure- focused Explanatory Positive Analytical-abstract 1.Basic international society approachInternational society approach (the middle way) Classical
7、realism classical liberalism A middle way Realism liberalismInternational society A middle way States Lack of hierarchical authority (no world government) Common interests, rules, institutions, Shape the relations of states The anarchical society: there is a worldwide social order of independent sta
8、tes; (Hedley Bull, 1995 International system, international society “ The system of states” is a realist concept; The behavior of states: the foreign policy of each side was based on its calculation about the intentions and capabilities of other side; such as USA and the Soviet Union; “The society o
9、f states” is a liberal concept; International organization, common value, common interest, obligation, norm; The behavior of states: More cooperation; such as USA and Russian after the cold war;Three different ways of looking at the relations of states Realism Rationalism Revolutionism( wight 1991)
10、Realism View states as a power agencies that pursue their own interest; it conceives of international relations solely as instrumental relations; The view of Machiavelli;Rationalism View states as legal organizations that operate in accordance with international law and diplomatic practice. It conce
11、ives of international relations as rule-governed activities based on the mutually recognized authority of sovereign states; The rationalist view of GrotiusRevolutionism The concept downplays the importance of states and places the emphasis on human beings; Humans are seen to compose a primordial “wo
12、rld community” or “ community of humankind” that is more fundamental than the society of states; The view of Kant.International order and international justice International order: Means a pattern or disposition of international activity that sustains the basic goals of the society of states. Intern
13、ational justice means the moral values which confer rights and duties upon states and nations such as the right of self-determination, the right of non-intervention, and the right of all sovereign states to be treated on a basis of equality; State sovereignty and human rights states are supported to
14、 respect each others independence; that is the value of state sovereignty and non-intervention; International relations involve not only states but also human beings, who posses human rights regardless of the state of which they happen to be a citizen. There can be and sometimes there is a conflict
15、between the right of non-intervention and human rights.State sovereignty and human rights Which of these values should have priority? If human rights are being massively violated from within a state, does the government retain its right of non- intervention? Is there a right of humanitarian intervention to rescue people? How should the two rights be balanced? Answers Pluralist: the importance of state sovereignty ; Solidarist: stressing the importance of individuals as the ultimate members of international society;Unit
