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1、Myers PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 1 Thinking Critically with Psychological ScienceThe Need for Psychological SciencePsychologists, like all scientists, use the scientific method to construct theories that organize observations and imply testable hypothesesThe Need for Psychological Science Hindsight Bias we
2、tend to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it the “I-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon Overconfidence we tend to think we know more than we doThe Need for Psychological Science Critical Thinking thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions examines assumpt
3、ions discerns hidden values evaluates evidence The Amazing Randi-SkepticThe Need for Psychological Science Theory an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations Hypothesis a testable prediction often implied by a theoryThe Need for Psychological Science
4、The Need for Psychological Science Operational Definition a statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables Example- intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measuresThe Need for Psychological Science Replication repeating the essence of a researc
5、h study to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other participants and circumstances usually with different participants in different situationsDescriptionPsychologists describe behavior using case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observationDescriptionCase Study Psychologists study one or
6、 more individuals in great depth in the hope of revealing things true of us allIs language uniquely human?Description Survey technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people usually by questioning a representative, random sample of people Random Sample a sample that fair
7、ly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusionDescription False Consensus Effect tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors Population all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a studyDescriptionDescription
8、 If marbles of two colors are mixed well in the large jar, the fastest way to know their ratio is to blindly transfer a few into a smaller one and count themDescription Naturalistic Observation observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and contro
9、l the situationCorrelation Correlation Coefficient a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the otherCorrelation coefficientIndicates direction of relationship (positive or negative)Indicates strength of relationship (0.00 to 1.
10、00)r = +.37Correlation Scatterplot a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation little scatter indicates high correlation also called a
11、 scattergram or scatter diagramCorrelationPerfect positive correlation (+1.00)No relationship (0.00)Perfect negative correlation (-1.00)Scatterplots, showing patterns of correlationsCorrelationHeight and Temperament of 20 Men1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2080 63 61 79 74 69 62 75 77
12、 6064 76 71 66 73 70 63 71 68 7075 66 60 90 60 42 42 60 81 3948 69 72 57 63 75 30 57 84 39SubjectHeight in InchesTemperamentSubjectHeight in InchesTemperamentCorrelationScatterplot of Height and Temperament55 60 65 70 75 80 85 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25Temperament scoresHeight in i
13、nchesCorrelationThree Possible Cause-Effect Relationships(1) Low self-esteemDepression(2) DepressionLow self-esteemLow self-esteemDepression(3) Distressing events or biological predispositioncould causecould causecould causeororandIllusory Correlation Illusory Correlation the perception of a relatio
14、nship where none existsConceiveDo not conceiveAdoptDo not adoptdisconfirming evidenceconfirming evidencedisconfirming evidenceconfirming evidenceTwo Random Sequences Your chances of being dealt either of these hands is precisely the same: 1 in 2,598,960.Experimentation Experiment an investigator man
15、ipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe their effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable) by random assignment of participants the experiment controls other relevant factorsExperimentation Placebo an inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent Double-blind Procedure both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the
