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1、1不定式和分词作状语的区别不定式和分词作状语的区别 （1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。 现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。 1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。 Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。 2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关
2、系是被动关系。 Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。 Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。 (2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别 1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。 They stood by the roadside talking about the 2plan他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随) They stood by the roadsid
3、e to talk about the plan他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的) 2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。 Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因) Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间) Reading carefully，youll learn somethin
4、g new只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件) His family was too poor to support him他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果) The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果) We are glad to hear the news我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因) （3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的： a：not/never tooto, toonot to , but/only too to, too ready/eager/apt/incl
5、ined to 表示肯定意义 3b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。 c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用 for 引导主语。 6非谓语动词常考的其它结构非谓语动词常考的其它结构 （1)疑问词+不定式结构 疑问词 who，what，which，when，where 和 how 后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如： When to start has not been decided何时动身尚未
6、决定。(主语) I dont know what to do我不知道该怎么办。(宾语) The difficulty was how to cross the river困难在于如何过河。(表语) I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语） 注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如： I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。 B.动词 know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式： While still a young boy, Tom kne
7、w to play the 4piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen. (2)介词 except 和 but 作“只有，只能”讲时跟不定式结构（but 与不带 to 的不定式连用）。 When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet. (3)不带 to 的不定式 1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带 to。这类词有： feel 觉得 obser
8、ve 注意到，看到 overhear 听到 watch 注视 listen to 听 perceive 察觉，感知 notice 注意 see 看见 look at 看 hear 听 On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue. 2)另一类是某些使役动词，如 make, let，have 等。如： Let him do it.让他做吧。 I would have you know that I am ill我想要你知道我病了。 (注)： 上述感觉动词与使役
9、动词转换为被动结构时其后的不定式一般需带 to，如： He was seen to come The boy was made to go to bed early. 5在动词 find 与 help 之后，不定式可带 to 亦可不带 to，如: He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。 3)在 do nothinganythingeverything but(except)结构中。例如： Last night I did nothing but watch TV昨天
10、晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。 但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么 but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。 The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。 There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的办法。 （4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构 1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如： I found it i
11、mpossible for him to do the job alone我发现他个人干这活是不可能的。 (注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用 of 引出6不定式的逻辑主语。例如： It was wise of him to do that他那样做是明智的。 2)动名词的逻辑主语为；人称代词的所有格+动名词；名词s+动名词。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them他坚持要我和他们一起去。 He dislikes his wifes working late他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。 3)某些形容词，如：careless 等不定式后可以加 of 来引
12、导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong 等 It is very kind of you to help me你帮助我太好了。 间或也可用 for + there to be 表示（而且 t
13、here 后面的不定式只能是 to be）。 Its a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。 7非谓语动词中的有关句型非谓语动词中的有关句型 （1）动名词作主语的句型 1）Doing.+ v. Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。7Seeing is believing.眼见为实。 2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore.)等名词+doing sth. It is n
14、o use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。 It is a great fun playing football打篮球很有趣。 It is a waste of time trying to explain设法解释是浪费时间。 3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive 等形容词)+ doing sth It is useless speaking.光说没用。 It is nice seeing you again真高兴又遇到了你。 It is good Playing chess after supper晚饭后弈棋挺好。 It is expensive running this car开这种小车是浪费。
