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1、1.What are the major elements in European culture?There are two main elements the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2. Aeschylus He was regarded as one of the three tragic dramatists of ancient Greece. He wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon. Aeschylus is n
2、oted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry. 3. Plato He was the greatest philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Of the Dialogues he wrote, 27 have survived, including: The Apo
3、logy, Symposium and the Republic. Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. Plato argued that men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideals”, like beauty, truth and goodness. Only these “ideas” are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real.
4、 For this reason, Platos philosophy is called Idealism, and Plato was called idealist.4. Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays did each of them write? Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were three outstanding tragic dramatists of ancient Greece. Aristophanes was
5、 the greatest comedic dramatist of ancient Greece. Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon. Sophocles wrote such plays as Oedipus the King, Electra, and Antigone. Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan Women. Aristophanes has
6、left eleven plays, including: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds. 5. The BibleThe Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the doctrine of Jesus Christ. 6.Loenardo da Vinci was a pa
7、inter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist. He was a man of many talents, a Renaissance man in the true sense of the world. Loenardo da Vincis major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures; Mona Lisa probably is the worlds most famous portrait. 7.Ra
8、belais was best known for his great satirical work Gargantua and Pantagruel, in which he praises the greatness of man, expresses his love of life and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning. 8.Cervantes is recognized as the father of the modern European novel and has had great impact on wor
9、ld literature. His masterpiece Don Quixote was a parody satirizing a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry, in which the whole Don Quixotes adventure was put against the reality of 17th century Spain. 9.Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who believed that the earth and
10、 the other planets orbit about the sun and that earth is not at the center of the universe. He was considered as father of modern astronomy. Copernicus（哥白尼）（哥白尼） 1) He was a Polish astronomer who put forward revolutionary ideas in astronomy in 17th century. 2) He believed that the earth and other pl
11、anets orbit around the sun and that earth is not at the centre of the universe. 3) He set forth his beliefs in the book The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs and came to be known as father of modern astronomy. 4) He was also the forerunner of modern science.10.Machiavelli was called “Father of politic
12、al science” in the West. Prince and Discourses are two representative works of him. 11. Montesquieus doctrines of the separation of powers(?) became one of the most important principles of the U. S. constitution. Montesquieus representative works are Persian Letters and The Spirit of the Laws. Monte
13、squieu is the first of the great French men of letters associated with the Enlightenment.12. Rousseaus major works include The Origin of Human Inequality, The New Heloise, On Education (Emile), The Social Contract, and The Confessions.Rousseau glorified human nature and attacked social inequality. H
14、is most famous words are: “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”Rousseaus The Social ContractIt was his most important work. It proposed a society able to cultivate the individuals moral stature without injuring his freedom. Rousseau believed that a social contract is established when e
15、ach individual gave his rights to a general willas an equal participant in the political life. Then he was as free after this contract as he had been in the state of nature. He sacrificed his natural freedom for a civil freedom. The book ended with a claim for social democracy.13. Diderot, the 18th
16、century French philosopher and man of letters, is best known as the editor of the Encyclopedia. His major works are letters on the Blind, Encyclopedia, Elements of Physiology, Rameaus Nephe 14. Victor Hugo was an ardent Romantic. To readers in general in France and the world over, he is important as the author of Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables. 15. Emile Zola was the founder of the naturalist school and “A slice of
