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1、CAC/RCP 51-2003 Page 1 of 8 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATION IN CEREALS, INCLUDING ANNEXES ON OCHRATOXIN A, ZEARALENONE, FUMONISINS AND TRICOTHECENES CAC/RCP 51-2003 1. The complete elimination of mycotoxin contaminated commodities is not achievable at thi
2、s time. The elaboration and acceptance of a General Code of Practice by Codex will provide uniform guidance for all countries to consider in attempting to control and manage contamination by various mycotoxins. In order for this Code of Practice to be effective, it will be necessary for the producer
3、s in each country to consider the general principles given in the Code, taking into account their local crops, climate, and agronomic practices, before attempting to implement provisions in the Code. It is important for producers to realize that good agricultural practices (GAP) represent the primar
4、y line of defense against contamination of cereals with mycotoxins, followed by the implementation of good manufacturing practices (GMP) during the handling, storage, processing, and distribution of cereals for human food and animal feed. 2. The recommendations for the reduction of mycotoxins in cer
5、eals are divided into two parts: recommended practices based on Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP); a complementary management system to consider in the future is Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles. 3. This General Code of Practice contains
6、general principles for the reduction of various mycotoxins in cereals that should be sanctioned by national authorities. National authorities should educate producers regarding the environmental factors that promote infection, growth and toxin production in cereal crops at the farm level. Emphasis s
7、hould be placed on the fact that the planting, preharvest and postharvest strategies for a particular crop will depend on the climatic conditions of that particular year, taking into account the local crops, and traditional production conditions for that particular country or region. There is need t
8、o develop quick, affordable and accurate test kits and associated sampling plans that will allow testing of grain shipments without undue disruption of operations. Procedures should be in place to properly handle, through segregation, reconditioning, recall or diversion, cereal crops that may pose a
9、 threat to human and/or animal health. National authorities should support research on methods and techniques to prevent fungal contamination in the field and during harvest and storage. I. RECOMMENDED PRACTICES BASED ON GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES (GAP) AND GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES (GMP) PLANTI
10、NG 4. Consider developing and maintaining a crop rotation schedule to avoid planting the same commodity in a field in two consecutive years. Wheat and maize have been found to be particularly susceptible to Fusarium species and they should not be used in rotation with each other. Crops such as potat
11、o, other vegetables, clover and alfalfa that are not hosts to Fusarium species should be used in rotation to reduce the inoculum in the field. 5. When possible and practical, prepare the seed bed for each new crop by plowing under or by destroying or removing old seed heads, stalks, and other debris
12、 that may have served, or may potentially serve as substrates for the growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi. In areas that are vulnerable to erosion, no-till practices may be required in the interests of soil conservation. 6. Utilize the results of soil tests to determine if there is need to apply fer
13、tilizer and/or soil conditioners to assure adequate soil pH and plant nutrition to avoid plant stress, especially during seed development. CAC/RCP 51-2003 Page 2 of 8 7. When available, grow seed varieties developed for resistance to seed-infecting fungi and insect pests. Only seed varieties recomme
14、nded for use in a particular area of a country should be planted in that particular area. 8. As far as practical, crop planting should be timed to avoid high temperature and drought stress during the period of seed development and maturation. 9. Avoid overcrowding of plants by maintaining the recomm
15、ended row and intra-plant spacing for the species/varieties grown. Information concerning plant-spacing may be provided by seed companies. PREHARVEST 10. Minimize insect damage and fungal infection in the vicinity of the crop by proper use of registered insecticides, fungicides and other appropriate
16、 practices within an integrated pest management program. 11. Control weeds in the crop by use of mechanical methods or by use of registered herbicides or other safe and suitable weed eradication practices. 12. Minimize mechanical damage to plants during cultivation. 13. If irrigation is used, ensure that it is applied evenly and that all plants in the field have an adequate supply of water. Irrigation is a valuable method of reducing plant str
