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1、http:/老托福阅读真题 PASSAGE 82老托福阅读真题 PASSAGE 82托福阅读的思维方式就是托福阅读的出题方式，只有掌握了这种思维方式，才有可能在做题之前，预测到新托福阅读题的出题形式和特点，为找答案节省时间。老托福阅读试题的核心价值，在于其最贴近真题的阅读思维方式。此外老托福阅读真题老托福阅读真题比新托福 IBT 阅读文章要短，比较容易适应。这也是大家在备考托福的时候非常重要的一点。因为前期的入手如果能从容易的开始，就会形成一个循序渐进的过程方式，让大家的练习有一个提高的过程。既然老托福阅读试题有这样的效果，那我们如何利用那有限的真题来达到锻炼自己的目的呢？事实上这就一个办法，
2、就是坚持。本期为大家推荐老托福阅读的真题 PASSAGE 82，附有原文及答案，希望对托福考生备考有所帮助。Ethology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior andits evolutionary history. Ethological theory began to be applied to research on childrenin the 1960s but has become even more influential today. The origins of et
3、hology can betraced back to the work of Darwin. Its modern foundations were laid by two Europeanzoologists, Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.Watching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats, Lorenz, andTinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival. The most well-k
4、nown of theseis imprinting, the early following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that theyoung will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger. Imprinting takesplace during an early, restricted time period of development. If the mother goose is notpresent during this
5、time, but an object resembling her in important features is, younggoslings may imprint on it instead.Observations of imprinting led to major concept that has been applied in childdevelopment the critical period. It refers to a limited times span during which the childis biologically prepared to acqu
6、ire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support ofsuitably stimulating environment. Many researchers have conducted studies to find outwhether complex cognitive and social behaviors must be learned during restricted timeperiods. For example, if children are deprived of adequate food or physical
7、 and socialstimulation during the early years of life, will their intelligence be permanently impaired?http:/If language is not mastered during the preschool years, is the childs capacity to acquireit reduced?Inspired by observations of imprinting, in 1969 the British psychoanalyst John Bowlbyapplie
8、d ethological theory to the understanding of the relationship between an infant andits parents. He argued that attachment behaviors of babies, such as smiling, babbling,grasping, and crying, are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach,care for, and interact with the baby. By k
9、eeping a parent near, these behaviors help ensurethat the baby will be fed, protected from danger, and provided with the stimulation andaffection necessary for healthy growth. The development of attachment in human infants isa lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead t
10、o a deepaffectional tie between parent and baby.1. What was Darwins contribution to ethology?(A) Darwin improved on the original principles of ethology.(B) Darwin was the professor who taught Lorenz and Tinbergen.(C) Darwins work provided the basis for ethology.(D) Darwin was the first person to app
11、ly ethological theory to children.2. The word diverse in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) small(B) varied(C) wild(D) particular3. The word ensures in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) guarantees(B) proveshttp:/(C) teaches(D) assumes4. According to the passage , if a mother goose is not present du
12、ring the time periodwhen imprinting takes place, which of the following will most likely occur?(A) The gosling will not imprint on any object.(B) The gosling may not find a mate when it matures.(C) The mother will later imprint on the gosling.(D) The gosling may imprint on another object.5. The word
13、 it in line 12 refers to(A) development(B) goose(C) time(D) object6. The word suitably in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) willingly(B) moderately(C) appropriately(D) emotionally7. The author mentions all of the following as attachment behaviors of human infantsEXCEPT(A) graspinghttp:/(B) crying(
14、C) eating(D) smiling8. According to the passage , attachment behaviors of infants are intended to(A) get the physical, emotional and social needs of the infant met(B) allow the infant to become imprinted on objects that resemble the parent(C) provide the infant with a means of self-stimulation(D) pr
15、epare the infant to cope with separation9. The phrase affectional tie in line 30 is closest in meaning to(A) cognitive development(B) emotional attachment(C) psychological need(D) behavioral change10. It can be inferred from the passage that ethological theory assumes that(A) to learn about human behavior only human subjects should be studied(B) failure to imprint has no influence on intelligence(C) the notion of critical periods applies only to animals(D) there are similarities between animal and human behavior参考答案：CBADD CCABD参考答案：CBADD CCABD
