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1、智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料托福TPO4听力音频及原文：Lecture 1 Biology托福听力考试最具有含金量的备考材料莫过于托福TPO听力，每套 托福真题共包括校园生活相关的2个3分钟的对话和4个5-6分钟的学术性 讲座：可能包括社会科学、自然科学、生命科学和艺术相关学科。 托福听力考试最具有含金量的备考材料莫过于托福TPO听力，每套 托福真题共包括校园生活相关的2个3分钟的对话和4个5-6分钟的学术性 讲座：可能包括社会科学、自然科学、生命科学和艺术相关学科。以下 是托福TPO4听力音频及原文：Lecture 1 Biology的内容，希望能帮到大家。 Listen to par
2、t of a lecture in a biology class. The class is discussing animal behavior. ProfessorOk, the next kind of animal behavior I want to talk about might be familiar to you. You may have seen, for example, a bird thats in the middle of a mating ritual, and suddenly it stops and preens, you know, takes a
3、few moments to straighten its feathers, and then returns to the mating ritual. This kind of behavior, this doing something that seems completely out of place, is what we call a Displacement Activity. Displacement activities are activities that animals engage in when they have conflicting drives. If
4、we take our example from a minute ago, if the bird is afraid of its mate, its conflicted. It wants to mate but its also afraid and wants to run away. So, instead, it starts grooming itself. So, the displacement activity, the grooming, the straightening of its feathers, seems to be an irrelevant beha
5、vior. So, what do you think another example of a displacement activity might be? Karl How about an animal that, um, instead of fighting its enemy or running away, it attacks a plant or a bush? ProfessorThats really good suggestion, Karl. But thats called redirecting. The animal is redirecting its be
6、havior to another object, in this case, the plant or the bush. But thats not an irrelevant or inappropriate behavior. The behavior makes sense. Its appropriate under the circumstances. But what doesnt make sense is the object the behaviors directed towards. Ok, who else? Carol? Carol I think I read
7、in another class about an experiment where an object that the animal was afraid of was put next to its food next to the animals food. And the animal, it was conflicted between confronting the object and eating the food, so instead, it just fell asleep. Like that? ProfessorThats exactly what I mean.
8、Displacement occurs because the animals got two conflicting drives two competing urges, in this case, fear and hunger. And what happens is, they inhibit each other, they cancel each other out in a way, and a third seemingly irrelevant behavior surfaces through a process that we call Disinhibition. N
9、ow in disinhibition, the basic idea is that two drives that seem to inhibit, to hold back, a third drive. Or, well, theyre getting in a way of each other in a in a conflict situation and somehow lose control, lose their inhibiting effect on that third behavior, which means that the third drive surfa
10、ces, its expressed in the animals behavior. Now, these displacement activities can include feeding, drinking, grooming, even sleeping. These are what we call Comfort Behavior. So why do you think displacement activities are so often comfort behaviors, such as grooming? Karl Maybe because its easy fo
11、r them to do? I mean, grooming is like one of the most accessible things an animal can do. Itssomething they do all the time, and they have the stimulus right there on the outside of their bodies in order to do the grooming, or if food is right in front of them. Basically, they dont have to think ve
12、ry much about those behaviors. Carol Professor, isnt it possible that animals groom because theyve got messed up a little from fighting or mating? I mean if a birds feathers get ruffled or an animals fur, maybe its not so strange for them to stop and tidy themselves up at that point. Professor Thats
13、 another possible reason although it doesnt necessarily explain other behaviors such as eating, drinking or sleeping. Whats interesting is that studies have been done that suggest that the animals environment may play a part in determining what kind of behavior it displays. For example, theres a bir
14、d, the wood thrush, anyway, when the wood thrush is in an attack-escape conflict, that is, its caught between the two urges to escape from or to attack an enemy, if its sitting on a horizontal branch, itll wipe its beak on its perch. If its sitting on a vertical branch, itll groom its breast feathers. The immediate environment of the bird, its immediate, um, its relationship to its immediate environment seems to play a part in which behavior will display. 温馨提醒：听写练的是基础实力;分析错题为的是对于自己做一个更 有针对性的解析。要想取得一个25+的托福成绩，这两个部分的努力全 都是要做的。 猜您喜欢:
