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1、第二讲 词的翻译方法与技巧直译和意译（literal and free translation);选词（diction）；增词 (amplification)；省略 (omission)；转换 (conversion)；引申 (extension)；正反说 (affirmative and negative)；释译 (explanation)。Diction ?Soft drink; soft light; soft water; soft breeze; soft fire; soft heart; soft record 培训部; 编辑部; 指挥部; 师部; 外交部; 南部Correspo
2、ndence and Discriminating the original meaning; Word Translation. Diction去掉不适当的夸张；（该市的人都赞成 。）要注意轻重和范围的大小；（她吓得魂 不附体 。）用词要注意褒贬；（她是一个有独立见 解的思想家。）用词要具体 ；同义词/近义词的选择 。 BACKAmplificationSupplying Words Omitted in the Original ; Supplying Necessary Connectives; Supplying Words to Convey the Concept of Plura
3、lity ; Supplying Words to Make an Abstract Concept Clear ; Logical thinking Supplying Words of Generalization For Purposes of Rhetoric or Coherence Repitition Supplying Background or Cultural InformationSupplying Words Omitted in the OriginalvReading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing
4、 an exact man. vThere were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and bouquets of flowers. BACKSupplying Necessary Connectives;vHe could understand a passive opposition from Kennedy loyalists, but an open one would have dire consequences. vBut without Adolf Hitler,
5、 there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich. BACKSupplying Words to Conveythe Concept of PluralityNewsmen went flying off to Mexico. BACKSupplying Words to Make an Abstract Concept Clear v Antagonism; madness; arrogance.vHe allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declare
6、d his own son guilty. BACKLogical ThinkingWhereas Kissinger had once needed Nixon as a channel to power, Nixon now needed Kissinger to help him remain in power. BACKSupplying Words of GeneralizationThe Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages. BACKFor Purposes of
7、 Rhetoric or Coherence For mistakes had been made, bad ones. BACKRepititionvThe footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress. vBetter be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. vI have experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble. vBlood must atone for blood. vBut there had
8、been too much publicity about my case. BACKSupplying Background or Cultural Information Le Monde, the B.B.C., the New York Times, the entire Arab press, all quote Heikal at length. The blond boy quickly crossed himself. Chinese-EnglishAmplification 1. Adding necessary pronouns;2. Adding necessary ar
9、ticles;3. Adding necessary connectives;4. Adding necessary prepositions;5. Adding necessary background words;6. Adding necessary words of generalization;7. Avoid Repetition . Adding Necessary Prepositions 每个人有一条生命。Adding Necessary Background Words 建国以来 ;抗战期间 。Adding Necessary Words of Generalization
10、 结婚大办酒席，实在可以免去了。要提倡顾全大局。The practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with. We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration. Avoid Repetition He stressed that all State Council departments have an important responsibility in the struggle (again
11、st corruption) and said they are in a very important position.To maintain steady growth of the economy, we must implement a long-term policy of steady economic growth. Avoid Repetition (Exception) There is no question that we will win and the enemy will be defeated.We must strengthen public health s
12、ervices in rural areas in order to improve our peoples health.BACKOmission(E-C) Omission of the Pronoun; Omission of the Article ; Omission of the Preposition; Omission of the Conjunction; Omission of the Verb; Omission of the Special Pronoun “It”. C-EOmission of the PronounThe retailers perform man
13、y functions. First, he may provide a convenient location. Also, he often guarantees and services the merchandise he sells. Third, the retailer aids in promoting the product, often through displays and advertising. Fourth, the retailer may finance the customer by extending credit. Further, the retail
14、er performs storage function in his outlet, by having goods available.BACKOmission of the Article Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful. BACKOmission of the PrepositionRumors had already spread
15、 along the streets and lanes. BACKOmission of the Conjunction He declined to amplify on the Presidents statement, since he had not read the text. BACKOmission(C-E)Omission of the Adjective ;Omission of the Adverb;Omission of the Prepositional Phrase ;Omission of the Verb ;Omission of the Phrase or the sentence;Consider as a Whole .BACKOmission of the Verb相互了解，是建立互信关系的前提。 中国始终是维护世界和平与地区稳定的 坚定力量。 BACKOmission of the Phrase or the Sentence不能把欧洲视为亚洲，也不能把亚洲视 为欧洲。 美国和欧盟国家已连续六次在日内瓦的 联合国会议上提出这个议案，但是每一 次都没有得到通过，都
