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1、分子生物学Molecular Biology淮海工学院海洋学院 陈国强 2011年秋季The term has more than one definition Define in broadly: to understand biological phenomena in molecular terms(difficult to distinguish from biochemistry)Define in restrictively:to study gene structure and function at the molecular levelWhat is Molecular b
2、iology?Gene concept Gene structure Gene replication Gene expression Gene recombination Gene mutationMolecular Biology of the Gene （狭义的分子生物学）第一章 分子生物学发展简史l分子生物学是研究核酸、 蛋白质等生物大分子的结 构与功能，并从分子水平 上阐述蛋白质与核酸、蛋 白质与蛋白质之间相互作 用的关系及其基因表达调 控的机理的学科。中国步入世界 生命科学强国1859-20091859-20091859 Darwin 一夜间销售而空经典遗传学理论经典遗传学理论 1
3、900. -1926.1952 J .Watson and F. Crick 对基因的概念、结构与功能的认识发生了质的飞跃Modern Genetics1973年 斯坦福大学 Cohn 加州大学 Boyer 重组DNA技术1944 Avery 肺炎球菌转化试验DNA是遗传信息的载体2000年6月 HGP提前完成功能基因组时代到来Nobel medal Half a pound of 23-karal gold.2.5 inches across近半个世纪以来医学，化学中重大突破与成就者Nobel Prize分子生物学发展的里程碑与主要内容“for his discoveries concern
4、ing the role played by the Chromosome in heredity , demonstrated that genes are on the chromosome“Thomas Hunt Morganin Physiology or Medicine 1933 Nobel Prize （基因学说）The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946“for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized“for their preparation of enzymes and virus protein
5、s in a pure form“James Batcheller Sumner John Howard Northrop Wendell Meredith Stanley Cornell University Rockefeller Institute USA Rockefeller Institute USA 1887 - 19551891 - 19871904 - 1971The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 19461958 J.Lederberg (33y)Phage transductionThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958“fo
6、r his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin“ （两度获诺贝尔化学奖）Frederick Sanger Cambridge University 1918 - Beadle & Tatum 1：一个基因一个酶假说（揭示了基因的基本功能 ）2：营养缺陷型研究方法（生化遗传）采用大肠杆菌的营养缺陷型发现 了细菌的遗传重组Francis Crick (35y)1951 分子生物学的重要里程碑James Watson (23y)丹麦 哥本哈根剑桥大学 Cavendish Lab.闫春霞等.詹姆斯沃森与弗朗西斯克里
7、克.遗传.2003，25（3）：C0011953年4月，沃森和克里克在自然杂志发表了不足千字的短文-核 酸的分子结构-脱氧核糖核酸的一个结构模型，报告了这一改变世界的 发现。M. H. F. Wilkins & Rosalind Frankin Xray photograph of DNA with high quality (核糖与磷酸连接成的扭曲绳子，每一节上都有配 对的碱基)1951. Kings Lab. London University UKJames Watson (34y)Francis Crick (46y)Maurice Wilkins (46y)DNA Double He
8、lix model 19531962 （DNA双螺旋结构）Francois Jacob (44y)Jacques Monod (55y)(French)1：Lac. Operon Theory19652：Concept of mRNA（操纵子理论、mRNA理论）1968 R. Holley H.G. Khorana M. Nirenberg H. Gobind Khorana(46y)How to synthesize triplet RNAMarshall Nirenberg(41y)Genetic codenRobert Holley(46y)tRNAphe cloverleaf stru
9、cture（遗传密码的破译）1975. Howard Temin (41y)David Baltimore (37y)Reverse transcription（反转录酶）The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978“for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics“Werner Arber Daniel Nathans Hamilton O. Smith Switzerland Biozentrum d
10、er Universitt Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, USA Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, USA 1929 - 1928 - 19991931 - 发现限制与修饰现象 ；分离出I型内切酶分离出II型内切酶用II型内切酶切割DNA（内切酶）The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980Walter Gilbert Biological Laboratories Cambridge, MA, 1932 - “for
11、 their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids“Frederick Sanger MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge, Great Britain 1918 - （核酸测序）The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980“for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard t
12、o recombinant-DNA“Paul Berg Stanford University 1926 - （DNA重组技术）1983. Barbara McClintock (86y)DNA transposable element（转座子）The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989“for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA Ribozyme“Sidney Altman Thomas R. Cech Yale University New Haven, CT, USA University of Color
13、ado Boulder, CO, USA 1939 - 1947 （核酶：具有催化作用的RNA）The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993“for their discovery of split genes In 1978”Richard J. Roberts Phillip A. Sharp（断裂基因对基因概念的新的理解）The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993“for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method“Kary B. Mulli
14、s 1944 -（PCR技术）Stanley B. Prusiner University of California, School of Medicine, USA 1942 -“for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection“The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997患有库鲁病的小孩 （朊病毒）discovered key regulators of the cell cycleLeland H. Hartwell R. Timothy (Tim)
15、 Hunt Paul M. NurseThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001发现了细胞周期蛋白（ cyclins）-调节功 能的蛋白质细胞周期的一个关键调节 物质（细胞周期蛋 白依赖激酶)发现了控制细胞周 期的一类特异基因Programmed Cell Death (PCD) and development2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine（细胞的程序性死亡与发育：细胞凋亡）H. Robert Horvitz USA Sydney Brenner UK(开创用线虫做 生物学研究材料)John Sulston UK“for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging“The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003 Paul C. Lauterbur USAPeter Mansfield UK（核磁共振成像的研究）“for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation“The Nob
